For years, the narrative in education was clear: more technology means better learning. Classrooms filled with devices, digital textbooks replaced print, and innovation was measured in the number of screens a school could acquire.
Now, after a decade of high-tech experimentation, something fascinating is happening.
Teachers are rediscovering the power of traditional, low-tech methods. Not because they are nostalgic, but because research is proving that these approaches work. As Dylan Wiliam said,
“Not all innovations improve learning. Sometimes, the most effective tools are the simplest.” – Dylan Wiliam
The future of teaching might just look a little like the past.
1. Simplicity Improves Thinking
Too much digital stimulation can overload working memory and reduce focus. According to the Education Endowment Foundation (2020), simplifying lesson design leads to better learning outcomes, especially in problem solving subjects.
Sometimes a whiteboard and a pen allow deeper thinking than a touchscreen ever could.
2. Handwriting Helps Students Remember More
The research is clear: writing notes by hand improves memory and understanding.
“Writing by hand is a stronger cognitive process than typing.” – Dr. Virginia Berninger
Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) found that handwritten notes encourage students to summarise and process information, which boosts long-term recall.
When students write by hand, they engage more brain systems than when typing.
3. Teacher-Led Instruction Works
Student autonomy can have a place in education (especially for older students), but explicit teaching often leads to stronger progress.
“Direct instruction is one of the most powerful teaching tools available to educators.” – Barak Rosenshine
Reports from the Institute of Education Sciences (2018) show that clear modelling and guided practice significantly increase achievement in literacy and numeracy.
4. Retrieval Practice Builds Long-Term Knowledge
There is a reason that quizzes, tests and assessments are back with a vengeance.
“Testing is not a mere assessment tool. It is a learning event.” – Henry L. Roediger III
Roediger and Karpicke (2006) found that retrieval practice produces far better retention than re-reading or highlighting.
Flashcards and low-stakes quizzes are not outdated. They are brain-friendly.
5. Balance Matters More Than Tech Integration
Digital tools can enhance learning, but they are not magic.
“Technology amplifies great teaching but cannot replace it.” – John Hattie
Hattie’s Visible Learning meta-analyses (2018) reveal that teacher clarity has a much bigger impact on achievement than technology alone.
Tech is a support. Not the star of the show.
6. Routines Make Students Feel Safe
Predictability allows students to focus on learning rather than uncertainty.
“Structure creates freedom for students to learn.” – Doug Lemov
Research by Lemov (2021) shows that routines reduce stress and waste less instructional time.Consider building routines for homework, lesson structures, topic reviews, journaling and anything else that may be appropriate.
Are your classroom routines truly embedded?
7. Printed Text Creates Deeper Reading
Screens encourage quick scrolling. Paper encourages processing.
“Digital reading encourages skimming. Print encourages deep reading.” – Dr Maryanne Wolf
A University of Maryland meta-analysis (2018) found that print improves comprehension, especially when reading for detail or analysis.
8. Human Connection Is the Ultimate Educational Technology
The best learning happens in positive relationships.
“A teacher’s relationship with students is the single biggest factor in classroom success.” – Robert Marzano
Marzano (2003) found that strong teacher-student relationships equate to several additional months of learning per year.
9. Back to Basics Because Basics Matter
Employers are noticing that many young people lack essential skills.
“Foundational skills are not optional. They are prerequisites for advanced learning.” – OECD Education Directorate
The OECD Skills Outlook (2021) reports global declines in basic numeracy and literacy. Schools are responding by emphasising phonics, fluency and vocabulary again.
Employers are increasingly reporting that fresh graduates lack basic, essential skills.
10. Paper Helps Students Focus
Digital distraction is now one of the biggest challenges in education.
“Students today face unprecedented levels of distraction. Simpler tools help them concentrate.” – Dr Larry Rosen
Common Sense Media (2022) reports that teens check their phones more than 100 times per day. A paper worksheet can feel like a break for their brains.
11. Blended Learning Works Best When it is Light on Tech
John Sweller’s Cognitive Load Theory reminds us that unnecessary complexity restricts learning efficiency.
“Effective teaching is about the intentional selection of methods, not the novelty of tools.” – John Sweller
The best classrooms blend traditional and digital strategies with purpose.
12. Old-School Methods Now Look Fresh and Innovative
There is a delightful irony in the fact that traditional methods feel new again.
“The future of learning is a balanced classroom where tradition and innovation work together.” – Sir Ken Robinson
UNESCO (2021) recommends hybrid approaches that keep human interaction at the heart of learning while allowing technology to support, not dominate.
Final Thought
Old-school is not old-fashioned. It is evidence-based.
The lesson schools are learning today is simple:The best methods are the ones that help students think deeply, connect with others, and remember what they learn.
Oftentimes that means closing the laptop and opening a notebook.
Bibliography and References
Common Sense Media (2022) Social Media, Social Life: Teens Reveal Their Experiences. San Francisco: Common Sense Media.
Education Endowment Foundation (2020) Cognitive Load: Using Instructional Approaches to Reduce Learners Mental Burden. London: EEF.
Hattie, J. (2018) Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 1,400 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. London: Routledge.
Institute of Education Sciences (2018) What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
Lemov, D. (2021) Teach Like a Champion 3.0. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Marzano, R.J. (2003) What Works in Schools: Translating Research into Action. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Mueller, P.A. and Oppenheimer, D.M. (2014) The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking. Psychological Science, 25(6), pp.1159 to 1168.
As a science educator with over twenty years of experience, I have spent my career breaking down complex ideas and communicating them in ways that everyone can understand. I am not an astrophysicist, but I do know how to interpret scientific information and present it in a way that is accessible to everyone. That is why I want to take a closer look at the remarkable case of 3I/Atlas: an interstellar object whose behaviour continues to puzzle astronomers and ignite debate across the scientific community.
This is not just another space story. 3I/Atlas is a visitor that defies expectations. From strange chemical traces to electromagnetic fluctuations and delayed image releases, it is forcing scientists to rethink what is possible in the depths of space.
Anomaly 1: The Anti-Tail Reversal
When 3I/Atlas was first observed, astronomers saw an anti-tail: a tail pointing toward the Sun instead of away from it. Weeks later, it suddenly reversed direction. No known natural process can cause such a switch without major internal reconfiguration or controlled changes in its direction of motion (Loeb et al., 2025a; LiveScience, 2025).
Anomaly 2: Erratic Brightness Fluctuations
Typical comets brighten smoothly as they approach the Sun, but 3I/Atlas showed wild brightness jumps and dips, sometimes within hours. These fluctuations do not align with solar heating or gas release models, suggesting something reflective or reactive on the surface that adjusts in real time (Loeb, 2025a; NASA, 2025).
Anomaly 3: Unusual Shape and Rotational Stability
Preliminary light-curve data suggest that 3I/Atlas has an elongated shape and rotates relatively slowly, showing no signs of chaotic tumbling. While this could indicate a degree of rotational stability, the available observations remain limited, and further monitoring will be needed to determine whether the object’s motion is truly stable or simply less variable than that of typical comets (Loeb, 2025b; Wikipedia, 2025).
Anomaly 4: Possible Nickel Tetracarbonyl Signature
Preliminary spectroscopic discussions have mentioned a possible feature resembling nickel tetracarbonyl (Ni(CO)₄): a compound used in industrial nickel refining on Earth. However, this finding has not been independently confirmed, and current spectral data remain inconclusive (Loeb, 2025a; New York Post, 2025).
What has been detected, however, is far more intriguing: nickel in the apparent absence of iron. In natural astrophysical environments, such as stars, meteorites, and planetary cores, nickel is almost always accompanied by comparable or greater amounts of iron, since the two elements form together through stellar nucleosynthesis and coalesce in metallic grains. Detecting nickel without a corresponding iron signature is therefore highly unusual and difficult to explain by known natural processes (Loeb, 2025a; Lodders, 2003; Scott et al., 2015).
Anomaly 5: Possible Non-Gravitational Deceleration
Tracking after the Mars flyby has led to speculation that 3I/Atlas might be experiencing slight non-gravitational forces, potentially consistent with deceleration. However, no confirmed slowdown has yet been observed in published data.
The latest analyses set an upper limit on any non-gravitational acceleration of around 3 × 10⁻¹⁰ AU day⁻², suggesting that if such an effect exists, it is extremely small (arXiv, 2025). Researchers have noted that if future data were to reveal a measurable deceleration, it could imply propulsion, drag modulation, or controlled momentum adjustment: possibilities that extend beyond known natural mechanisms (Loeb, 2025; LiveScience, 2025).
For now, the evidence remains inconclusive, and astronomers continue to monitor 3I/Atlas for further orbital deviations that might clarify the cause of its curious behaviour.
Anomaly 6: Magnetospheric and Radio Anomalies, and the Wow! Connection
I have to say that out of all of the anomalies that 3I/Atlas exhibits, this is the one that intrigues me the most.
As 3I/Atlas neared Mars, some commentators speculated that subtle fluctuations in magnetic and radio readings could have coincided with its closest approach, although no such anomalies have been confirmed by any official data. Researchers continue to monitor the region for potential electromagnetic signatures that might emerge as the object moves through the inner Solar System (Loeb, 2025a).
The most fascinating thing for me, however, is a potential link to one of astronomy’s most famous mysteries: the Wow! Signal of 1977. Detected by Dr. Jerry Ehman at the Big Ear Radio Observatory, this powerful, narrowband radio burst lasted 72 seconds and appeared to originate from the constellation Sagittarius, near the Chi Sagittarii star group (Ehman, 1977). Despite decades of follow-up, the signal was never detected again, and no natural source has ever been identified.
Recent trajectory analyses have suggested that 3I/Atlas entered the Solar System from a broadly similar direction: the same region of the sky near Sagittarius that produced the Wow! Signal. While this could be coincidence, it is an extraordinary one. Both phenomena, the unexplained 1977 signal and the 2025 arrival of 3I/Atlas, involve anomalous data emerging from the same part of space, separated by almost half a century.
There is no evidence yet that the two are directly connected, but the parallel raises compelling questions. If 3I/Atlas did indeed travel from the same interstellar neighbourhood that produced the Wow! Signal, we may be seeing different kinds of data points, one electromagnetic, one physical, that hint at intelligent activity or at least an unknown astrophysical process in that region of space.
Anomaly 7: Delayed HiRISE Image Release
Although NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) reportedly captured HiRISE images of 3I/Atlas during its Mars flyby, none of those images have been released to the public as of yet. The reason for the delay remains unclear, with no official statement from NASA confirming when, or if, the data will be published.It remains unclear whether the data are still being processed, classified, or deprioritised in favour of other mission objectives (Loeb, 2025).
Anomaly 8: A Curious and Convenient Trajectory
Perhaps the most overlooked anomaly is the path that 3I/Atlas is taking through our Solar System. Unlike most interstellar visitors, which arrive at steep angles relative to the ecliptic plane, 3I/Atlas is travelling at an inclination of only about five degrees. This means its orbit lies almost flat in line with the paths of the planets: an orientation that is statistically uncommon for hyperbolic interstellar bodies (NASA, 2025).
In addition, 3I/Atlas has passed relatively close to several major planets on its way through the inner Solar System, including Mars, and its perihelion (the point nearest the Sun) occurs behind the Sun from Earth’s point of view. That geometry has temporarily obscured the object from most direct optical observation, delaying high-resolution imaging from both Earth and space-based telescopes.
While these alignments could easily be coincidental, they have attracted attention from researchers who point out that this trajectory would offer an ideal path for an observational survey of the inner planets, or for a probe seeking to minimise visibility during its solar approach. Whether purely natural or coincidentally efficient, the route of 3I/Atlas remains one of the most striking aspects of its discovery so far (Loeb, 2025a; LiveScience, 2025; NASA, 2025).
Anomaly 9: 3I/Atlas is Massive
The estimated dimensions of 3I/Atlas make it one of the largest interstellar objects ever detected. Preliminary photometric analysis places its diameter at roughly 4 to 6 kilometres, with a mass that could exceed 30 billion tons depending on composition and albedo (NASA, 2025; Loeb, 2025b).
For comparison, 1I/ʻOumuamua measured only a few hundred metres long, and 2I/Borisov, the first confirmed interstellar comet, was about a kilometre across. Objects on the scale of 3I/Atlas are expected to be gravitationally bound within stellar systems, not travelling freely through interstellar space. Its sheer size makes its arrival statistically improbable under current models of ejection and galactic dynamics (Loeb, 2025b).
This anomaly adds to the mystery: a body of such mass should produce a strong and consistent outgassing signature if it were a typical comet, yet no such emission has been confirmed. Its enormous scale, combined with its non-typical chemical and orbital characteristics, continues to challenge natural explanations and keep astronomers re-evaluating how interstellar debris forms and travels.
What it Could All Mean
Each anomaly alone might be explainable, but together they form a pattern that is difficult to dismiss. The combination of unusual metallurgy, electromagnetic irregularities, and possible controlled motion raises the possibility of technology or mechanisms unknown to current science (Loeb et al., 2025a). Even if it is entirely natural, 3I/Atlas likely represents a new class of interstellar object formed under conditions we have never observed before.
How Society Might Respond to Disclosure
If one day it is confirmed that 3I/Atlas is artificial or linked to extraterrestrial intelligence, humanity would face a moment of historic change. Governments would rush to control narratives, markets might wobble, and belief systems would evolve. But our best preparation is not fear: it is education, critical thinking, and open dialogue. The ability to assess evidence calmly and rationally will define how well we adapt.
Lessons for Education: Why This Matters for Teachers and Students
The story of 3I/Atlas is not only for astronomers: it has deep implications for education, especially in how we teach science, inquiry, and critical thinking.
In high schools around the world, science is often taught as a collection of fixed facts: Newton’s laws, the periodic table, the standard model of particle physics. But discoveries like 3I/Atlas remind us that science is not static: it is a living, evolving pursuit of understanding. When the evidence does not fit the model, the model must change. That is the heart of scientific progress.
Teachers can use 3I/Atlas as a case study in scientific curiosity. For instance:
Physics and mathematics classes can model the object’s trajectory, deceleration, and tail orientation to practise applying Newtonian and non-gravitational equations.
Chemistry lessons can explore how compounds like nickel tetracarbonyl form on Earth, then compare those processes to hypothetical space chemistry.
Philosophy or Theory of Knowledge courses can use 3I/Atlas as an example of how humans interpret uncertainty, where data meets belief.
STEM clubs can research historical radio anomalies like the Wow! Signal and analyse why repeatability and peer review matter in establishing credibility.
Even more importantly, this event is a powerful opportunity to teach information literacy. In an era where social media amplifies speculation, students need to distinguish peer-reviewed science from pseudoscience. By examining credible sources such as NASA and Harvard preprints alongside media coverage, students develop the ability to assess evidence critically and respectfully.
Teachers can use this topic to inspire awe and a sense of wonder that fuels lifelong learning. Whether 3I/Atlas turns out to be a natural anomaly or something entirely new, it reminds students that discovery begins with curiosity, and that even established science can change when new evidence appears.
That, perhaps, is the most important lesson of all.
Classroom Applications: Practical Ideas for Educators
Debate Prompt: “3I/Atlas is an example of how science evolves, not proof of alien life.” Discuss.
Data Modelling Exercise: Students use real orbital data to model 3I/Atlas’s path and calculate possible forces acting on it.
Ethics in Science Discussion: Explore how data transparency (such as the HiRISE image delay) affects public trust in science.
Cross-curricular Extension: Link physics, chemistry, and philosophy by asking: How do we know what we know?
Creative Project: Have students write a short story or podcast episode imagining first contact, grounded in real science.
Final Thoughts
3I/Atlas could still be a natural wonder, but its behaviour demands serious attention. From its anti-tail reversal to its unusual nickel signature and delayed imagery, this interstellar traveller is expanding our understanding of what is possible.
Whether it turns out to be a relic of alien engineering or an extraordinary natural object, 3I/Atlas reminds us of something profound: the universe is far from ordinary, and we have only just begun to understand it. As educators, it is our privilege to help the next generation make sense of it.
Bibliography and References
Note: Selected images in this article have been sourced from Pixabay and are free to use under the Pixabay License (no attribution required).
Ehman, J. (1977) The “Wow!” Signal Detection Log, Big Ear Radio Observatory, Ohio State University. Available at: https://www.bigear.org/wow20th.htm (Accessed: 26 October 2025).
Loeb, A. (2025b) Is the Interstellar Object 3I/Atlas Alien Technology? Harvard/Institute for Interstellar Studies Preprint, arXiv:2507.12213. Available at: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12213 (Accessed: 26 October 2025).
Lodders, K. (2003) Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements, The Astrophysical Journal, 591(2), pp. 1220–1247.
Scott, P., Asplund, M., Grevesse, N. and Sauval, A.J. (2015) The elemental composition of the Sun III: The heavy elements, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 573, A25.
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After more than twenty years in education, I have seen classrooms in every imaginable state: from the sterile and rigid to the warm, colourful and alive with creativity. What has always fascinated me is how the design of a learning space quietly shapes the way students feel, think, and behave.Even thinking back to when I was a child at school: the classroom environment mattered to me, a lot!
In my early teaching years, I was utterly convinced that great learning came purely from great teaching. Over time, however, I have come to realise that the classroom environment (both physical and non-physical) matters just as much.
A thoughtfully designed classroom nurtures curiosity, collaboration, and happiness. A poorly designed one, even with the best teacher, can stifle all of those things.
Whether I am working with learners in a secondary science classroom or training corporate teams through my business, Richard James Rogers Corporate Training, one principle remains constant: the environment is acts as a vital teaching assistant.
What follows next are some tips to make your classroom the inviting, comfortable and engaging space that it should be: even if you’re starting from scratch.
Tip #1: Think ‘collaboration’, not ‘control’
Traditional classrooms were built for order, with rows of desks facing a single direction and the teacher as the focal point. That structure mirrors an industrial-age mindset that prioritises efficiency over engagement.
I remember one classroom early in my career where the layout made every lesson feel like a lecture, and students seemed to settle into listening rather than interacting. I was teaching in a science lab that had been built in the 1930s! The teachers desk was even on a stage (I’m not joking), and was elevated above the desks of the students.
I attempted to change the layout as best as I could mid-year, moving chairs into clusters, adding a corner for peer discussion, and letting students pick their seats. The impact was immediate: more voices in class, more movement, and more peer-to-peer help.
Research supports this shift. Classrooms that allow students to reconfigure their learning spaces, work in groups, and move freely can improve academic progress by as much as 16 per cent (Barrett et al., 2015).
When students have ownership of their environment, they feel a greater sense of belonging and motivation.
Key Takeaway: Create ‘zones’ for presentation, discussion, and quiet reflection. Give students the freedom to choose where they learn best.
Tip #2: Light, colour and air matter more than you might think
In my corporate workshops, I often talk about the power of small details such as lighting, colour, and even scent in influencing focus and creativity. The same applies to classrooms.
I recall a science lab with harsh fluorescent lighting and grey furniture, where even the brightest experiments seemed flat. It was dark, it smelt bad (it had just been built and stank of various solvents) and even the plumbing hadn’t been sorted properly. Later that year, when we replaced some lighting with daylight-mimicking LEDs, introduced a plant, and painted one wall a soft green, students began commenting that the room ‘felt calmer’ and ‘easier to think in’.
Environmental psychology shows that lighting, colour, and air quality directly affect concentration and emotional well-being (Cheryan et al., 2014; Tanner, 2008). Natural light sharpens alertness, calming colours reduce anxiety, and clean air supports cognitive function.
Key Takeaway: Bring natural elements into the classroom. Plants, daylight, and natural materials boost mood and reduce stress hormones (Li & Sullivan, 2016).
Tip #3: Furniture must fit the learner
Comfort is not an indulgence in teaching. It is a gateway to productivity. Whether in a classroom or a corporate training room, poorly designed furniture can send the wrong message: that the students don’t come first.
Ergonomic, adjustable furniture reduces strain and supports sustained engagement (Parcells, Stommel & Hubbard, 1999). Flexible arrangements make it easy to shift from discussion to collaboration to independent study (Rands & Gansemer-Topf, 2017).
Think of your favourite coffee shop. Is the furniture comfortable or uncomfortable? Successful restaurants and coffee houses understand the power of cosy furniture and surroundings in driving success, and it’s high time that schools realised it too.
Key Takeaway: Choose furniture that adapts to learning needs, if you can. Movable desks, adjustable chairs, cushions, etc. Flexibility signals trust and respect.
Tip #4: Design for neurodiversity
In inclusive classrooms, I have seen how noise, glare, or visual clutter can quietly exclude certain learners. One student I taught was bright in science but withdrew when the lab group became loud and the lighting flickered. Creating a quiet corner with soft lighting and clear visual boundaries gave that student a place to recalibrate, and from then on they participated more freely.
Neurodiverse students in particular may find typical classroom environments overwhelming (Botha & Frost, 2020). Simple design changes such as soft lighting, quiet corners, and visual order can dramatically improve comfort and focus (Ashburner et al., 2008).
Key Takeaway: Ask students what makes them feel calm and focused. Their insights often reveal inexpensive but transformative changes.
Tip #5: Consider the social architecture of learning
Classrooms are not just physical spaces: they are emotional ecosystems. The way we arrange furniture, display student work, and design shared areas communicates value and belonging.
In one school, I turned a corridor wall into a ‘student voice’ gallery: photos of projects, quotes, and creative pieces. Suddenly, students would pause by that wall; they felt seen. That sense of recognition carried into the classroom.
When student work is showcased proudly, engagement increases. When collaborative zones are designed intentionally, relationships flourish (Korpershoek et al., 2019).
Key Takeaway: Display work that tells a story of growth. Create informal zones for conversation, peer feedback, and mentoring.
Tip #6: Think of well-being as a design principle
In my training sessions with Richard James Rogers Corporate Training, I emphasise that well-being is not a programme: it is a design philosophy. The same applies in education more generally, too.
A well-designed classroom says ‘you are safe, seen, and capable’ before a word is spoken. The OECD (2021) places well-being at the heart of education in its Learning Compass 2030 framework, and it’s important tat we, as educators, recognise the profound impact that classroom design principles can have on our students sense of well-being.
I remember an IBDP class of 18-year olds where one student sat in the back corner, visibly withdrawn. I moved their seat into a small group circle near the window, offered a more comfortable chair that didn’t wobble, and asked for their opinion on how the classroom could feel better. By the end of the term, that student had become a peer mentor for others.
Sometimes the changes we make can be as simple as shifting a seat and making space for voices to be heard.
Key Takeaway: When you design a learning space, ask: does it encourage movement, curiosity, and connection? If so, then you are already designing for well-being.
Overall conclusion
Learning spaces should do more than contain lessons. They should inspire them. When we design with well-being in mind, we elevate not only academic outcomes but also joy, confidence, and belonging.
As educators and leaders, we design not just classrooms. We design cultures of care and creativity. The walls, the light, the layout, all tell a story. Let it be one that says:
‘You belong here. You can grow here.’
Bibliography and references
Ashburner, J., Ziviani, J. and Rodger, S., 2008. Sensory processing and classroom emotional, behavioural, and educational outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62(5), pp.564–573.
Barrett, P., Zhang, Y., Moffat, J. and Kobbacy, K., 2015. A holistic, multi-level analysis identifying the impact of classroom design on pupils’ learning. Building and Environment, 89, pp.118–133.
Botha, M. and Frost, D., 2020. Extending the neurodiversity paradigm: Autism, identity and learning space inclusion. Disability & Society, 35(8), pp.1364–1386.
Cheryan, S., Ziegler, S.A., Plaut, V.C. and Meltzoff, A.N., 2014. Designing classrooms to maximise student achievement. Policy Insights from the Behavioural and Brain Sciences, 1(1), pp.4–12.
Fisher, K., 2016. The New Learning Environments Research Group: Linking pedagogy and space. The University of Melbourne.
Heschong, L., 2003. Daylighting and human performance. ASHRAE Journal, 45(6), pp.65–67.
Korpershoek, H., Canrinus, E.T., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M. and de Boer, H., 2019. The relationships between school belonging and students’ motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Educational Research Review, 27, pp.100–118.
Li, D. and Sullivan, W.C., 2016. Impact of views to school landscapes on recovery from stress and mental fatigue. Landscape and Urban Planning, 148, pp.149–158.
OECD, 2021. The Future of Education and Skills 2030: OECD Learning Compass Framework. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Parcells, C., Stommel, M. and Hubbard, R.P., 1999. Mismatch of classroom furniture and student body dimensions: Empirical findings and health implications. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24(4), pp.265–273.
Rands, M.L. and Gansemer-Topf, A.M., 2017. The room itself is active: How classroom design impacts student engagement. Journal of Learning Spaces, 6(1), pp.26–33.
Tanner, C.K., 2008. Explaining relationships among student outcomes and the school’s physical environment. Journal of Advanced Academics, 19(3), pp.444–471.
Welcome to this first ever blog post in the Back to Basics series: a collection of articles designed to get straight to the point and offer advice that you can implement in the classroom right away.
In today’s piece, I’ll be sharing my tips on how to set a summative test for your students. These tips are based on more than twenty years of secondary school teaching experience so pay attention: all of what I’m about to share was learned through painful, long and arduous trial-and-error.
Tip #1: Always Give Your Students a Topic List to Study From
If your students don’t know what’s going to come up on the test, then how can they study or revise for it? It seems like such simple advice, doesn’t it? Yet, too many teachers are telling students that “You have a test on what we’ve covered so far”, or that “I’ll give you a test on Unit 1”, without explicitly telling the children which sub-topics, or content areas, in “Unit X’ or ‘what we’ve covered so far’ will be tested.
The bottom line is that you must give your students a list of what they need to revise. This could be as simple as writing a list of topics on the whiteboard for them to copy into their books, or sharing the topic list on their VLE (e.g. Google Classroom, Firefly, Moodle, Managebac, and so on).
Pro tip (next level): Don’t simply share the official syllabus or specification with he students. Even older children need the course content broken down into ‘kid friendly’ language. Make the topic list understandable, and accessible.
Testing Tip #2: Give Your Students Advance Warning
Setting a test the next day, or the next lesson, simply isn’t fair. Don’t you remember when you were in school? Didn’t you need time to study for a test?
Give your students advance notice that a test is happening. The bigger the test, the more time for revision will be needed. Small, end of unit tests may only require a week of advance notice to be given to the students, for example. Larger tests, such as mid-terms, end-of-term, or end of year exams may require a month or more of advance warning. Have you shared the topic list in advance too? You need to!
Testing Tip #3: ALL Summative Assessments MUST Come With Official Answers
These ‘marking schemes’ could be pulled from past-exam papers (if you’re building a test from such questions), textbooks, online question banks, rubrics, or (if you’re struggling to find resources), even an official marking scheme you’ve written yourself.
They key thing to remember here is that your students will need to know where they’ve messed up when the exam is finished, and how they could have scored better. This can only happen if there is an official set of ‘model answers’ that can be given to the students once the test has been marked and feedback has been given.
Some teachers are scared of providing marking schemes in case the students find out that they’ve not been awarded a mark or two when they should have been. Please don’t worry: slightly inaccurate marking is something that all teachers make the mistake of doing from time-to-time. I’ve been teaching for more than twenty years and I still sometimes miss marks that should have been awarded. Having an official marking scheme is actually really good for this purpose: it keeps you and your students accountable, engaged in the learning process and invested in making progress.
Testing Tip #4: Feedback Must be Timely and Specific
You suddenly find yourself with stacks of exam papers to mark, a full timetable to teach and no time to get everything done. I get it. I’ve been there many times.
Somehow, however, you’ve got to get that feedback to the chidlren as soon as you can. Feedback that is delayed is less useful because students forget the details, lose context, or have moved on. Immediate or prompt feedback allows students to make corrections while the material is still fresh.
Several studies argue that delaying feedback reduces its impact. In a study by Vattøy et al. (2021), for example, it was shown that feedback should be “provided timely, extensively, and cumulatively”.
Testing Tip #5: Use Tests for Target Setting
This is probably the one step that the overwhelming majority of teachers forget to action. Once a test is finished, and feedback is given, we tend to forget about it and never revisit it.
This is a huge mistake and a massive loss of both leverage and educational capital.
In a previous blog post entitled Using Data to Empower Students, I described how we, as teachers, are generally very good at collecting data but we are often unsure what to do with that data once it’s collected.
The answer is simple: students need to reflect on their assessments and create personal targets (and the teacher needs to know what those targets are). This could be as simple as the students writing targets on the front of the completed paper, with the teacher then taking a photograph of those targets before inputting them into a spreadsheet.
Then comes the real magic! Before the next test, be sure to ask each student “What’s your target for this test?”, or “What targets did you write down last time?”. Ask these questions often: you’ll be amazed at how powerful they can be!
Bibliography and References
Vattøy, K-D., Gamlem, S. M. & Rogne, W. M. (2021) Examining students’ feedback engagement and assessment experiences: a mixed study. Studies in Higher Education, 46(11), pp. 2325-2337. doi:10.1080/03075079.2020.1723523
Sometimes it is necessary for teachers to reflect on the overall purpose of education. After all, knowing the why will often give us new perspectives on the how.
Many thought-leaders have articulated their ideas on what the purpose of education should be. Some notable quotes are given below:
“The purpose of education is to give to the body and to the soul all the beauty and all the perfection of which they are capable.”
– Plato
“The goal of education is the advancement of knowledge and the dissemination of truth.”
– John F. Kennedy
The object of education is to prepare the young to educate themselves throughout their lives.”
– Robert Maynard Hutchins
In my 2019 blog post entitled 5 Things Schools Should be Teaching Kids (But Most Aren’t) I came straight to the point with my thoughts on what the purpose of education is (albeit much less elegantly that the esteemed individuals quoted above):
School must prepare students for life
– Richard James Rogers
My statement is probably most aligned with that of Robert Maynard Hutchins (the legendary American educational philosopher and former Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, to my shame, a person I had only heard about during my research for this blog post). It brings me great satisfaction to know that I and such an esteemed and well-respected educator are pretty much in agreement: even if our opinions are more than a few decades apart! (Hutchins was born in 1899).
Schools must prepare students for life, but what does that actually look like in 2025 (and beyond)? Today, I’ll deliver a condensed version of my research into the top 5 skills employers are looking for, and what schools (and, by inference, teachers) should do about it.
#1 In-Demand Skill for 2025: AI Literacy and Human/AI Collaboration
Unless you’ve been meditating in a remote forest somewhere for the past three years, you’ll know that AI, and particularly GenAI, has skyrocketed in capability, use-applications and accessibility. Everybody who’s anybody in the corporate training or online education sector is offering courses in AI integration and for a good reason: there’s a lot of money to be made! Additionally, the World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 lists “AI and big data” as the top technological skills that are projected to “grow in importance more rapidly than any other skills in the next five years”.
I will admit openly that I have also jumped on this bandwagon: I have personally completed four very detailed online courses covering AI integration this year (see my LinkedIn profile for details) and I now offer AI integration as one of my corporate training workshops (and it’s proving to be one of my most popular).
Bottom line for teachers:
Learn AI skills and get certified (there’s lots of free and inexpensive courses available online).
Once you have some foundational knowledge (or have access to someone who does) build a spiral AI curriculum (including ethics, prompting, verification, model limits), and embed AI use across subjects in schemes of work (e.g., AI-assisted drafting in English; model evaluation in Science, and so on).
Keep up to date with the latest use cases of AI in education (this topic stream by Edutopia is well-worth bookmarking!)
#2: In-Demand Skill for 2025: Data Literacy and Analytical Thinking
In July 2025, Elon Musk weighed in on the debate about what children should study in the age of AI. Responding to a call for students to prioritise mathematics, he argued that the true focus should be “Physics (with math)”, highlighting his belief that a deep grasp of fundamental principles, supported by mathematics, is more valuable than coding alone in an AI-driven world. Additionally, The World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs Report 2025 makes clear that analytical thinking is still one of the top core skills employers expect to be in high demand by 2030.
Bottom line for teachers:
Encourage deep learning (as opposed to ‘surface learning’) in all subjects through guided activities (see my blog post here as a starting point).
Require students to source and clean datasets from time-to-time and include activities where students choose appropriate displays, quantify uncertainty, and write claims with evidence. My blog post entitled Putting Numbers Into Everything offers a good launchpad of ideas from which you can start this process in your lessons.
#3: In-Demand Skill for 2025: Cybersecurity and Digital Trust
According to the 2024 ISC2 Cybersecurity Workforce Study (which is the latest available study, at the time of writing), the world is short of nearly 4.8 million cybersecurity professionals, and almost nine out of ten teams say they lack key cybersecurity skills. With AI bringing both powerful new tools and serious new risks, the call is growing for people who can think critically about digital safety and design systems that are secure from the start. For schools, this is a clear signal: cyber-awareness and responsible use of AI should be part of every student’s education, not just for future specialists but for all young people who will live and work in a digital world.
Bottom line for teachers:
Build cyber-awareness into everyday lessons. Connect topics like passwords, phishing, and data privacy to students’ daily digital use, not just to IT classes.
Treat AI as both a tool and a topic. Encourage students to explore how AI can help (e.g. with research and problem-solving) while also discussing its risks (such as bias and security breaches). This great blog by LittleLit gives five AI tools that can be tailored for use by children, and I would recommend all teachers reading this to look at ways to bring a few of these into your lessons.
Practise ‘secure-by-design’ thinking: When students create projects, apps, or even presentations, have them consider safety, privacy, and ethical use as part of the design process. See my blog post about design thinking to get started.
#4: In-Demand Skill for 2025: Sustainability Literacy
Employers are warning about a major shift from 2025 onwards: environmental stewardship is expected to be one of the fastest-growing skill demands globally. Recruitment needs for so-called “green skills” is already rising more quickly than the supply of qualified workers. LinkedIn’s Global Green Skills Report 2024/25 shows that this growth will continue worldwide, with the gap between demand and supply projected to widen steadily through 2030 to 2050.
Bottom line for teachers:
Use real data in lessons: In maths or ICT, have students analyse datasets on carbon emissions or renewable energy growth. This builds both numeracy and awareness of global sustainability trends. National Geographic Kids is a great resource for acquiring some useful data for projects.
Run project-based learning on green innovation: In science or design technology, set tasks like designing a low-waste product, creating a model of a solar-powered device, or calculating the energy savings from switching to LED lighting. Initiatives that encourage students to reduce single-use plastic, or to reduce printing costs, can also raise awareness in powerful ways.
#5: In-Demand Skill for 2025: Communication
According to Lightcast, a leading labour-market analytics firm, 76% of job postings request at least one durable (human) skill, with communication consistently ranking among the most in demand. The World Economic Forum highlights related skills such as creative thinking, resilience, and leadership/social influence as essential for the workforce of 2025 and beyond.
Bottom line for teachers
Do more in-class group/individual presentations. Students can use Google Slides, Canva or other technology to present their ideas. See my blog post on tips for slide presentations (aimed at teachers, but applicable to students) for top tips on getting the delivery right.
Design lessons that force students to work through ambiguity, such as group work, debates, and peer review, so they build resilience, leadership, and creative thinking, which are rising fast as employer priorities.
Conclusion
So what does all of this mean for us in the classroom? The future world of work is crying out for five big things: AI know-how, data smarts, cyber-savvy thinking, green awareness, and those all-important human skills like communication and resilience. The good news is that we don’t need to bolt these on as extra lessons. Instead, we can weave them into what we already do: use AI tools for research, crunch real-world data in maths or science, chat about online safety whenever tech comes up, link projects to sustainability, and give students plenty of chances to work together and present their ideas.
Bibliography and references
Aristotle. (1992). Politics (trans. B. Jowett). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Kennedy, J.F. (1963). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy, 1963. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Mann, H. (1846). Twelfth Annual Report to the Massachusetts Board of Education. Boston: Massachusetts Board of Education.
We’ve all been swept up by the hype that has come in the wake of the creation of generative AI (aka GenAI) systems. Back in 2023, when ChatGPT was launched, its capability was limited to text generation, spell checking and rudimentary admin work. Now, however, the form factors of GenAI come in so many shapes and sizes. People are using AI to create slide presentations, images and videos, to record meeting notes, to generate complex documents such as spreadsheets and academic papers and even to act as virtual therapists.
One thing that I would like to assure all of my readers about is that I have NOT used GenAI to write this blog post. I believe that bloggers, journalists, reporters and writers have a duty to be genuine and sincere. That’s why, from now on, you’ll see this badge on my blog posts as a verified symbol of my authenticity:
And, before we begin, I think this juxtaposition is a good place to launch my tips from: AI tools can save us tons and tons of time, but they cannot replicate human authenticity. For someone who’s an award-winning author, like myself, it’s actually very easy to tell when an email, for example, has been created solely from prompt engineering. And that doesn’t necessarily mean that GenAI is a bad thing: it’s just that there are optimal and sub-optimal ways of using such systems, which I will outline today.
DISCLAIMER: Always check your school’s policies and procedures before using any GenAI system. If in doubt, check with your school’s senior leadership team.
My Top Three Use Cases for GenAI Systems as a Teacher
I recently discovered this system when preparing to deliver one of my corporate training workshops. Here’s what I love about it:
You can generate very high quality slides from simple prompts, in a matter of seconds. It’s very good for quick slide preparation (even quicker than sourcing slides from places like the TES, for example).
The content produced is really, really good!
Slides come with AI generated images (which are brilliant), which saves you the hassle of having to include citations/captions when attributing images to their sources.
Things to consider:
The text produced on the slides can be quite small, in parts, so you may have to change font sizes afterwards.
A free trial only gives you so many generations, and the slides come with the Gamma logo on them. However, the logo is removed if you pay for the full subscription, which is only US $8 per month (billed annually at US $96). This plan gives you unlimited AI generation for slide decks up to 20 slides per time (which fulfills most of my needs as a teacher).
Here’s an example of a slide that Gamma created for me recently:
Overall, Gamma is an excellent system and I recommend teachers everywhere to give it a go. Do the free trial and see if it is the right app for you. I personally signed up for the Plus plan, as I can see Gamma being an excellent assistant for a lot of the presentations I deliver.
This is probably the app that will make you gaze in wonder the most when you first try it – at least that’s what happened to me! Gone are the days when you need to hurriedly write down everything you could manage to hear in a meeting, and then figure what to do (and by when) once the meeting was over. Otter does all of that for you.
By listening to the meeting conversation, Otter can identify speakers and transcribe the meeting as it happens, in real-time. It’ll even provide a summary of what was said at the end, along with a list of key action items (you’ll be amazed at how much it picks up, and how much you missed, when you see it!). The action items even come with check boxes for you to tick off when they’re done!
Like Gamma, Otter allows you a limited free trial (300 monthly minutes of meetings). For the Pro version, which gives you 1200 transcription minutes per month (with a maximum of 90 minutes per meeting), the price is US $8.33 per month (billed annually as US $99.99).
I’ve not (yet) gone for the pro version of Otter, but it is something I’m considering. One thing I hate about meetings is the inability to be fully present as I feel the need to constantly make written notes. With Otter, I can see myself relaxing and being fully attentive whilst the system transcribes everything for me.
#3. Your Overall Personal Assistant: ChatGPT 5 (and further iterations)
GPT 5 has been hailed as a “PhD Level” assistant by its creators, Open AI. Interestingly, as if by a weird mixing of Murphy’s Law with a slap-in-the-face, I made a video all about the three apps I’ve mentioned today on August 7th, which you will see below. In that video, I mentioned ChatGPT 4 as one of my favourites. Later that day, I found out that ChatGPT 5 had just been released (that very same day!). Talk about a coincidence!
I’ve only had two days to test ChatGPT 5 and, to be honest, I’ve not seen much of a difference (yet) between it and ChatGPT 4. However, if it really is a better version of GPT 4, then it is destined to be absolutely awesome!
ChatGPT is my go-to app for a variety of generative needs. Here’s what teachers all around the world have told me about how they use ChatGPT:
A personal therapist: ChatGPT is capable of participating in complex conversations, which makes it ideal for therapy. It offers non-biased, factual advice that can really make people feel reassured. I recently went through a mini-crisis in my life, which is very personal to me, and I found ChatGPT to be an amazing ‘friend’. It analysed my situation fully, and in a balanced way, and made me feel a lot better. It also gave me great advice. Please be aware, however, that some researchers do have legitimate concerns about using AI systems as personal therapists, so definitely consider this before using ChatGPT in this way.
Creating student report cards: ChatGPT can create report cards in a matter of seconds, which you can easily copy and paste into your school’s system. As mentioned in the disclaimer at the top of this blog post: please CHECK WITH YOUR SCHOOL FIRST before using GenAI in this way. If you get the green light from SLT, then remember to be a good ‘prompt engineer’: you may need to iterate outputs as they are generated. Don’t forget to specify the genders of the students you are reporting on, and provide the system with enough information to create accurate report cards. ALWAYS double-check for accuracy.
Other generative needs: ChatGPT can create pretty much anything that you ask it too: images, Excel files, slides, and so on. However, the quality of these outputs can vary. I recommend using specialised apps (such as Gamma for slides, Otter for meetings, etc.) if you have special, and regular, use cases.
The dreaded em dash: a penultimate thought
One dead giveaway of GenAI content is the dreaded em dash, which looks like this: (—). It’s basically a very long hyphen, which is very, very rarely used in everyday situations. Even as an award-winning author, I never use em dashes in my books (unless my proofreader inserts them). There isn’t even an em dash key on standard computer keyboards. Instead, it is accessed through alt codes or special inputs. If you want your GenAI content to look more genuine, then I recommend specifying in your prompts that em dashes should not be used, or tell the system to remove em dashes during the iteration process.
My thoughts on the current stigma surrounding GenAI usage in schools
Unfortunately, whilst the corporate sector is scrambling to create smart workflows using GenAI systems, schools are woefully lagging far behind. In the teaching profession generally, the use of AI systems for the reasons I have specified today is still frowned upon. Even sourcing slides that other people have made is looked upon unfavorably by some school leaders. This, sadly, has caused a lot of teachers to go ‘underground’ and use GenAI covertly.
Things will have to change soon, however. I have been doing a lot of courses in AI this year (check out my LinkedIn profile to see my certs) and I can tell you sincerely: it’s FRIGHTENING how advanced GenAI has already become. These systems are already breathtakingly good, and they’re only going to get better. Sooner or later, the stigma surrounding teachers usage of GenAI in schools will have to dissolve: it’s the only way that schools are going to be able to stay relevant.
A recent viral video involving two senior professionals at a high-profile event has captured widespread attention online. The individuals, believed to be in leadership roles at a major company, were caught in an unexpected moment during a public broadcast. Within hours, the footage had been shared across multiple platforms, leading to intense speculation, reputational fallout, and at least one public resignation.
As a teacher and school leader, I found this story unsettling not only because of its scandalous nature, but also because of what it reveals about the world our students are growing up in and what it demands of us as educators.
Today’s post explores what we can learn from incidents like this, and how we can turn such viral moments into reflective lessons about online privacy, personal conduct, and our responsibilities as digital role models.
When Private Moments Go Public: The Reality of Visibility
Whether we are at a concert, a café, or the classroom, our actions are increasingly visible. Surveillance, smartphones, and social sharing have blurred the line between public and private life.
As educators, this means:
We must be vigilant about our conduct at all times, even off duty. A momentary lapse in judgment in a public space can quickly be misinterpreted, misrepresented, or magnified.
Professionalism matters, not just in what we say or teach, but in how we behave when we think no one is watching.
We model behaviour every day, and our students are watching, both directly and indirectly. We must model what discretion, integrity, and accountability look like.
Turning Scandals into Teachable Moments
We do not need to refer to any specific incident to raise important conversations in school. Here are some key points we can teach students based on real-life viral events:
Digital footprints are permanent: A short video can become part of a person’s lasting online identity, whether or not it tells the full story.
Context can be lost online: What appears scandalous may be misunderstood. Teaching students about media literacy and critical thinking is essential.
Online virality can affect anyone: Teachers, students, CEOs, or bystanders. Everyone must be prepared for the possibility that their actions could be made public.
Understanding Gen Z Reactions: The “Stare” and Social Signals
Another viral issue that has been circulating online recently is the so-called Gen Z stare: a blank, emotionless gaze that’s often given in response to a question or a prompt (e.g. “Good morning”) . This expression has sparked debates about disconnection and digital fatigue. Often misinterpreted as disengagement or rudeness, psychologists suggest it reflects emotional fatigue, social anxiety, and screen-conditioned detachment shaped by the pandemic and digital overstimulation (Abad‑Santos, 2025; Parents.com, 2025).
This behavioural response is especially relevant in a world where viral scandals can erupt from a single misstep. Gen Z, having grown up in the age of instant exposure and constant surveillance, may use this neutral expression as a defense mechanism: a way to stay invisible, nonreactive, and less likely to become the next meme or viral subject (Business Insider, 2025).
For teachers, understanding this is vital. The Gen Z stare may not be a sign of disinterest but a reflection of life in a hyper-visible world. Just as viral scandals show how a moment of expression can be captured, judged, and amplified without context, young people have adapted by limiting visible reactions altogether. It is a protective habit shaped by the same digital environment that punishes vulnerability and rewards detachment.
What does this mean for us as teachers?
We must interpret behaviour compassionately. What looks like disengagement could be masking anxiety, overstimulation, or social overload.
We need to talk about emotional expression. Gen Z may not display reactions the same way older generations do, but their feelings are just as complex.
We can connect the dots in the classroom. By connecting real events to classroom discussions, we can help students explore social perception, emotion, and ethical behaviour in the digital space.
Practical Classroom Applications
Focus Area
Teaching Strategy
Digital citizenship
Use anonymised real-world events to explore privacy, consent, and online responsibility.
Media literacy
Analyse viral videos and discuss how framing, editing, and commentary influence public perception.
Emotional intelligence
Discuss the Gen Z stare and other behavioural trends to unpack nonverbal cues and empathy.
Personal accountability
Reflect on how our actions, even outside of school, can have unintended consequences.
Connecting to Broader Teaching Goals
In a previous post, The 7 Golden Rules of Communication for Online Meetings, I talked about the importance of presence, body language, and clarity. These themes come up again when we consider how others perceive us in a digitally saturated world.
Another post of mine, 5 Mistakes Teachers Are Making When Delivering Slide Presentations, reminds us that authenticity matters more than polish. This is true not just in the classroom but in our personal lives as well. Our credibility matters when we are addressing our students, or an audience, for that matter.
Final Thoughts
While scandals may dominate the headlines for a day or two, their lessons can linger much longer. As educators, we are in a unique position to:
Teach our students about digital resilience and responsibility
Set a consistent example of thoughtful conduct
Help young people interpret and learn from the world they see online
By turning viral moments into meaningful conversations, we not only protect ourselves: we empower our students to navigate their future with integrity and awareness.
As a teacher who’s worked with students across a range of schools and contexts, I often hear colleagues say, “The gender gap? Isn’t that old news?” At first glance, that might seem fair. After all, in many parts of the world, girls are now outperforming boys academically. But when you take a closer look, a much more complex picture emerges.
A gender gap in education does, actually, exist. However, it is not a simple case of one gender consistently falling behind. Instead, it reflects a range of disparities that shift depending on region, subject, and socioeconomic status. Over the past few years, researchers have taken a fresh look at how gender intersects with learning. The findings are as relevant as ever for us in the classroom, and in this blog post I’d like to take a deep dive into what the latest research tells us.
Girls are Leading in Academic Performance, But at What Cost?
Recent international data shows that girls continue to outperform boys in reading, writing, and overall academic attainment in many high-income countries (OECD, 2022). The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) results indicate that girls significantly outperform boys in reading across almost all participating countries, and the gap is getting wider.
However, this success often comes with a price. Girls report higher levels of school-related stress and anxiety, particularly around exams and future expectations (UNESCO, 2023). A global study by the World Health Organization found that adolescent girls are much more likely than boys to experience internalising mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, which can be exacerbated by academic pressure (WHO, 2021).
Boys and Disengagement: A Persistent Problem
On the other hand, boys are consistently more likely to struggle with engagement and behaviour in the classroom. Data from the UK’s Department for Education (2021) shows that boys are overrepresented in exclusion rates and more likely to underachieve in language-based subjects. In many classrooms I’ve observed, boys are often the ones more likely to act out, resist extended writing tasks, or show reluctance to participate in group discussions. This pattern has shown itself throughout my entire teaching career, which now amounts to almost twenty years of full-time practice.
The pandemic appears to have made this worse, however. Research from McKinsey & Company (2021) indicates that male students in the United States experienced greater learning loss in reading than female students during school closures. That is a trend echoed in other countries, particularly among lower-income and marginalised groups.
The STEM Gender Divide Persists
Despite progress, the gender gap in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) remains a global challenge. While girls now often match or even outperform boys in school-based STEM assessments, they remain underrepresented in STEM degrees and careers (UNESCO, 2021). The issue is not about ability. It is about confidence, self-concept and (dare I say it) personal choice.
A recent report by the European Institute for Gender Equality (2022) revealed that girls are less likely to see themselves as good at maths, even when they perform at the same level as boys. This lack of confidence discourages them from pursuing further studies in technical fields. As teachers, we need to be aware of the subtle messages we send that may reinforce these patterns.
I think this is an apt moment for me to suggest some further reading that may be of use to anyone who wants to empower their students and build their confidence:
Check out the power of Subtle Reinforcement, a concept I formalized and outlined back in 2018, which is a very impactful way to build character and self-belief in our students over time.
As teachers we tend to praise our students a lot, but praise is something that has to be deployed carefully in order for it to be effective. Read my blog post on the Four Rules of Praise to find out how you can give positive feedback that truly inspires, empowers and builds your students up.
All of our students deserve to be recognised for their efforts and have their work acknowledged, regardless of their gender. However, I think it’s important to bear in mind the findings of European Institute for Gender Equality cited above and remember that many of the girls we teach may have self-confidence issues, and we should aim to build them up, encourage them, empower them and refer them to other professionals if the need arises (e.g. school counsellors).
Mental Health and Gendered Experiences in School
Gender gaps in education are not only about achievement. They are also about well-being. A recent OECD study (2023) found that girls are more likely to report anxiety about schoolwork and a fear of failure, while boys are more likely to report boredom and a lack of connection with school.
This suggests that educational environments may not be equally supportive for all students. Girls may feel pressure to excel, leading to perfectionism and anxiety. Boys may feel alienated or disengaged, leading to underperformance. Both groups need support, but in different ways.
So What Can We Do?
As teachers, we are in a unique position to break cycles and challenge stereotypes. Here are some simple strategies I’ve used that can make a difference:
Model gender-neutral attitudes in classroom discussions. Avoid statements that imply certain subjects are more “for boys” or “for girls.” Everyone brings skills and abilities to the table, and we should acknowledge all of our students’ hopes, dreams and career aspirations.
Provide diverse role models in your curriculum. Highlight both male and female scientists, writers, leaders and thinkers. As a mathematics and science teacher, I have sometimes found it more challenging to find female examples of experts in these fields than male ones, but that has not deterred me from trying. I’ve certainly found that girls tend to connect more with the content when they can see that other females have accomplished greatness in the subject. Let’s keep our role models that we cite and reference varied!
Encourage all students to take risks, ask questions, and reflect on their learning. Confidence-building matters just as much as content. The classroom should be a space where questions, inquiry and problem-solving are welcomed. This, after all, promotes deep-learning (as opposed to surface learning) and keeps things inclusive.
Track participation patterns. Who is speaking the most? Who is holding back? Use this data to plan for more inclusive engagement. Make a mental note (or maybe a written one) of who your ‘shy’ students are and utilize techniques to reach them. Read my blog post on Five Strategies for Engaging Quiet, Shy and Withdrawn Students for specific advice.
Final Thoughts
So, does the gender gap in education really exist? Yes. But it is not always where we expect to find it. Girls may be topping the leaderboards academically, but they are also more likely to suffer from stress and pressure. Boys may seem carefree, but they are falling behind in literacy and disengaging from school.
As educators, our job is to stay curious and informed. Gender equity is not just about access anymore. It is about ensuring that every student feels safe, empowered, and supported to succeed. The more we understand the complex realities behind the data, the more we can make a meaningful difference in our classrooms.
Let’s keep listening, adapting, championing every learner, regardless of gender.
OECD (2022) PISA 2018 Results: Are Students Ready to Thrive in an Interconnected World?. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/
As an educator who’s been living and working in Thailand for almost 20 years, I’ve come to accept something many educators face globally: news of war and conflict walks into our classrooms whether we invite it or not. From the war between Russia and Ukraine to the recent Iran/Israel escalation, rising tensions between China and Taiwan, and the sporadic disputes along the Thai/Cambodian border, these aren’t just geopolitical headlines. For many of our students, they are anxiety-inducing, deeply personal, and inescapable parts of the world they’re growing up in.
And here’s something I’ve learned: you don’t have to be a history or global politics teacher to be asked tough questions about war. I’ve had discussions about current conflicts emerge during maths, science, and even PSHE lessons. The truth is, any high school teacher could be called to respond to these sensitive and complex issues. When that moment comes, how we respond matters more than what subject we teach.
Tip #1: Start by listening, not lecturing
In times of global conflict, students often bring their worries into the classroom unexpectedly. It might stem from what they’ve seen on TikTok, heard at home, or picked up from peers. I always begin these conversations by asking open-ended questions like:
“What have you heard?” or “How are you feeling about that?”
This allows me to assess their emotional state and the accuracy of their information. Research supports this approach: students are more likely to engage meaningfully in civic discourse when they feel safe and heard (Hess & McAvoy, 2014).
Tip #2: All teachers need to be ready for these conversations
Some colleagues have said to me, “That’s a humanities issue.” But I disagree. In today’s hyperconnected world, every teacher is potentially a sounding board for students’ emotional and intellectual processing of conflict.
In my own experience:
A student once asked me about nuclear war during a chemistry class.
Another wanted to know if the Middle East would be “dragged into” a wider regional conflict, right before a mathematics starter activity.
Others have written about conflict in science coursework assignments or referenced it during presentation work.
When we assume that only certain teachers handle these topics, we miss opportunities to support and guide students in the moments they need us most.
My award-winning book, available to purchase at Amazon.
Tip #3: Teach civil disagreement across all disciplines
Classroom discussions can become emotionally charged, especially in multicultural settings where students may have personal connections to conflicting regions. Teaching the skill of respectful dialogue is essential.
Even in subjects like science, maths, or business, I’ve found value in short protocols:
Set clear ground rules for discussion.
Use sentence stems like “I see it differently because…” or “That’s a good point, but I wonder…”.
Model calm, balanced responses if/when things get tense.
Respectful disagreement is a skill for life, not just for history class (Levine, 2007).
#4: Use conflict as a lens for interdisciplinary learning
Discussing war doesn’t have to derail your lesson. Instead, it can be an opportunity to connect your subject to real-world relevance. For example:
In science: Explore the physics behind missile technology or the effects of radiation exposure.
In ICT: Examine cyber warfare and its implications.
In maths: Use refugee migration data to teach statistics.
In business or economics: Analyze the financial impact of sanctions or military spending.
If you are able to think on your feet and get creative with linking the discussion to your content, then this can really assist in facilitating the deep learning process. If you’re bold enough, and if you have time, you could even get groups of students involved in some kind of project that links the conflict topic to your subject area: just be sure to provide some source material and lots of guidance along the way.
This makes learning more engaging while showing students that the world’s problems aren’t siloed into one academic subject.
#5: Equip students to evaluate information critically
In the age of algorithm-driven news feeds, students often encounter emotional and misleading content. As I highlighted in my earlier post on Responding Thoughtfully to Controversial Topics, we need to give students tools to navigate a flood of half-truths and sensationalism.
It’s a good idea to teach the CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) in every subject area, not just humanities (Blakeslee, 2004). Using this, we can practice spotting bias in headlines, comparing different media sources, and fact-checking viral claims. Critical thinking belongs everywhere.
Tip#6: Maintain professional distance while being supportive
Sometimes these conversations can take a toll on us as teachers: especially if we feel pressured to take sides or reveal our own opinions. As I outlined in Maintaining Professional Distance as a High School Teacher, we must manage our emotional investment carefully.
We can care deeply about our students without making our classrooms emotionally overwhelming. Set clear boundaries, acknowledge uncertainty, and remind students that the classroom is a place for learning, not for political debate or division.
Tip #7: Always end with hope and human agency
Students need to know that while war is devastating, history is also filled with peacebuilders, diplomats, and communities who choose cooperation over destruction. I try my best to end conversations about conflict with examples of:
International aid workers
Diplomats resolving crises
Youth-led movements promoting peace
Research suggests that when young people feel hopeful and empowered, they are better able to cope with the stress of global challenges (Ojala, 2012). Even simple class projects, like creating awareness posters or writing letters to NGOs, can help foster this sense of agency.
War and conflict are difficult to teach about. They stir up emotion, uncertainty, and fear. But if we shy away from these conversations, we risk leaving students alone with their questions and worries. It’s not about having all the answers. It’s about creating safe spaces to explore difficult topics with honesty, empathy, and intellectual courage.
And remember, you don’t have to be a history teacher to make a lasting impact. You just need to be present, prepared, and willing to guide the conversation with care.
Levine, P. (2007). The Future of Democracy: Developing the Next Generation of American Citizens. Medford: Tufts University Press.
Ojala, M. (2012). Hope and climate change: The importance of hope for environmental engagement among young people. Environmental Education Research, 18(5), pp.625–642.
As a teacher with over twenty years of experience across the UK and Thailand, I’ve come to realise one of the most important truths in education: treating every student the same is not the same as giving every student a fair chance.
Like many early-career educators, I believed that equality, which means giving all students the same tasks, the same resources, and the same deadlines, was the fairest way to teach. However, time and experience taught me that equity, not equality, is what truly transforms learning. It involves giving each student what they need to succeed. Sometimes that means providing different forms of support to different learners.
🎯 Equality vs Equity: Understanding the Distinction
Equality in education refers to providing the same input, such as resources, instruction, and expectations, to all students, regardless of their background or ability.
Equity, by contrast, refers to providing varied support based on each student’s individual needs. This ensures that every learner has a real chance to reach similar outcomes (American Institutes for Research, 2021).
As educators, recognising this difference is crucial. While equality may appear fair on the surface, it can unintentionally overlook real barriers that prevent students from achieving their potential.
🧪 A Student Who Changed My Perspective
I once taught a student who had never studied Chemistry before enrolling in my IGCSE course. In Term 1, she scored a Grade U on her initial assessments, which was far below a pass. Some teachers might have seen her as too far behind to succeed.
I saw something different. I saw potential.
We worked together closely. I created a personalised study plan, offered regular one-on-one coaching, and gave her access to simplified materials that broke down difficult concepts into manageable sections. She was incredibly committed, and I made sure she had the right tools and support at every stage.
By the end of the academic year, she achieved a Grade A* in her final IGCSE examination.
That transformation did not happen because of equal treatment. It happened because of equitable support that matched her specific needs.
🛠️ Equity in Action: Practical Classroom Strategies
Here is how I integrate equity into my everyday teaching practice:
I design tasks at various levels of complexity and allow students to demonstrate understanding in multiple ways (Gregory and Chapman, 2013).
3. Targeted Support
Students who need additional time, alternative materials, or more personalised guidance receive it. Fairness means giving students what they need, not giving everyone the same thing (Sands, Kozleski and French, 2000).
4. Flexible Feedback
I adjust how often and in what format I provide feedback based on what works best for each student. Some thrive with independence, while others benefit from frequent check-ins. It’s important to explore a variety of methods, such a live-marking, learning journals, peer-assessment and automated assessment. If you’re finding that feedback is eating up too much of your time to be sustainable, then you might find my blog post on efficient feedback strategies helpful.
🌍 Why Equity Matters Now More Than Ever
In today’s post-pandemic world, students are returning to school with greater disparities in learning and wellbeing than ever before. UNESCO (2023) stresses that schools must prioritise equity in their recovery plans to avoid widening existing gaps.
This is especially true in international and multicultural schools, where learners bring a wide range of linguistic, cultural, and academic experiences. A one-size-fits-all model no longer meets the needs of our students, and it likely never did.
💡 Final Thoughts
That IGCSE Chemistry student taught me more than any professional development course ever could. She did not need the same treatment as everyone else. She needed the right support at the right time.
In education, equality may look fair. However, only equity ensures that every student has a genuine chance to succeed.
When we commit to equity, we are not lowering expectations. We are raising access. That is how real learning happens.
