An article by Richard James Rogers, award-winning author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management: 45 Secrets That All High School Teachers Need to Know and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback
This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.
Accompanying podcast episode:
As a teacher who’s worked with students across a range of schools and contexts, I often hear colleagues say, “The gender gap? Isn’t that old news?” At first glance, that might seem fair. After all, in many parts of the world, girls are now outperforming boys academically. But when you take a closer look, a much more complex picture emerges.
A gender gap in education does, actually, exist. However, it is not a simple case of one gender consistently falling behind. Instead, it reflects a range of disparities that shift depending on region, subject, and socioeconomic status. Over the past few years, researchers have taken a fresh look at how gender intersects with learning. The findings are as relevant as ever for us in the classroom, and in this blog post I’d like to take a deep dive into what the latest research tells us.
Girls are Leading in Academic Performance, But at What Cost?
Recent international data shows that girls continue to outperform boys in reading, writing, and overall academic attainment in many high-income countries (OECD, 2022). The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) results indicate that girls significantly outperform boys in reading across almost all participating countries, and the gap is getting wider.
However, this success often comes with a price. Girls report higher levels of school-related stress and anxiety, particularly around exams and future expectations (UNESCO, 2023). A global study by the World Health Organization found that adolescent girls are much more likely than boys to experience internalising mental health issues such as anxiety and depression, which can be exacerbated by academic pressure (WHO, 2021).
Boys and Disengagement: A Persistent Problem
On the other hand, boys are consistently more likely to struggle with engagement and behaviour in the classroom. Data from the UK’s Department for Education (2021) shows that boys are overrepresented in exclusion rates and more likely to underachieve in language-based subjects. In many classrooms I’ve observed, boys are often the ones more likely to act out, resist extended writing tasks, or show reluctance to participate in group discussions. This pattern has shown itself throughout my entire teaching career, which now amounts to almost twenty years of full-time practice.
The pandemic appears to have made this worse, however. Research from McKinsey & Company (2021) indicates that male students in the United States experienced greater learning loss in reading than female students during school closures. That is a trend echoed in other countries, particularly among lower-income and marginalised groups.
The STEM Gender Divide Persists
Despite progress, the gender gap in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) remains a global challenge. While girls now often match or even outperform boys in school-based STEM assessments, they remain underrepresented in STEM degrees and careers (UNESCO, 2021). The issue is not about ability. It is about confidence, self-concept and (dare I say it) personal choice.
A recent report by the European Institute for Gender Equality (2022) revealed that girls are less likely to see themselves as good at maths, even when they perform at the same level as boys. This lack of confidence discourages them from pursuing further studies in technical fields. As teachers, we need to be aware of the subtle messages we send that may reinforce these patterns.
I think this is an apt moment for me to suggest some further reading that may be of use to anyone who wants to empower their students and build their confidence:
- Check out the power of Subtle Reinforcement, a concept I formalized and outlined back in 2018, which is a very impactful way to build character and self-belief in our students over time.
- As teachers we tend to praise our students a lot, but praise is something that has to be deployed carefully in order for it to be effective. Read my blog post on the Four Rules of Praise to find out how you can give positive feedback that truly inspires, empowers and builds your students up.
All of our students deserve to be recognised for their efforts and have their work acknowledged, regardless of their gender. However, I think it’s important to bear in mind the findings of European Institute for Gender Equality cited above and remember that many of the girls we teach may have self-confidence issues, and we should aim to build them up, encourage them, empower them and refer them to other professionals if the need arises (e.g. school counsellors).
Mental Health and Gendered Experiences in School
Gender gaps in education are not only about achievement. They are also about well-being. A recent OECD study (2023) found that girls are more likely to report anxiety about schoolwork and a fear of failure, while boys are more likely to report boredom and a lack of connection with school.
This suggests that educational environments may not be equally supportive for all students. Girls may feel pressure to excel, leading to perfectionism and anxiety. Boys may feel alienated or disengaged, leading to underperformance. Both groups need support, but in different ways.
So What Can We Do?
As teachers, we are in a unique position to break cycles and challenge stereotypes. Here are some simple strategies I’ve used that can make a difference:
- Model gender-neutral attitudes in classroom discussions. Avoid statements that imply certain subjects are more “for boys” or “for girls.” Everyone brings skills and abilities to the table, and we should acknowledge all of our students’ hopes, dreams and career aspirations.
- Provide diverse role models in your curriculum. Highlight both male and female scientists, writers, leaders and thinkers. As a mathematics and science teacher, I have sometimes found it more challenging to find female examples of experts in these fields than male ones, but that has not deterred me from trying. I’ve certainly found that girls tend to connect more with the content when they can see that other females have accomplished greatness in the subject. Let’s keep our role models that we cite and reference varied!
- Encourage all students to take risks, ask questions, and reflect on their learning. Confidence-building matters just as much as content. The classroom should be a space where questions, inquiry and problem-solving are welcomed. This, after all, promotes deep-learning (as opposed to surface learning) and keeps things inclusive.
- Track participation patterns. Who is speaking the most? Who is holding back? Use this data to plan for more inclusive engagement. Make a mental note (or maybe a written one) of who your ‘shy’ students are and utilize techniques to reach them. Read my blog post on Five Strategies for Engaging Quiet, Shy and Withdrawn Students for specific advice.
Final Thoughts
So, does the gender gap in education really exist? Yes. But it is not always where we expect to find it. Girls may be topping the leaderboards academically, but they are also more likely to suffer from stress and pressure. Boys may seem carefree, but they are falling behind in literacy and disengaging from school.
As educators, our job is to stay curious and informed. Gender equity is not just about access anymore. It is about ensuring that every student feels safe, empowered, and supported to succeed. The more we understand the complex realities behind the data, the more we can make a meaningful difference in our classrooms.
Let’s keep listening, adapting, championing every learner, regardless of gender.
Bibliography
Department for Education (2021) Permanent and Fixed Period Exclusions in England: 2019 to 2020. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/permanent-and-fixed-period-exclusions-in-england-2019-to-2020
European Institute for Gender Equality (2022) Gender Equality Index 2022: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Care. Available at: https://eige.europa.eu/publications/gender-equality-index-2022
McKinsey & Company (2021) COVID-19 and Education: The Lingering Effects of Unfinished Learning. Available at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-education-the-lingering-effects-of-unfinished-learning
OECD (2022) PISA 2018 Results: Are Students Ready to Thrive in an Interconnected World?. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/
OECD (2023) Education at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/eag-2023-en
UNESCO (2021) To Be Smart, the Digital Revolution Will Need to Be Inclusive. Paris: UNESCO. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000377193
UNESCO (2023) Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Technology in Education. Paris: UNESCO. Available at: https://www.unesco.org/gem-report/en/2023-technology
World Health Organization (2021) Adolescent Mental Health. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health
