Tag: student support

4 Ways Emotional Awareness Is Becoming Central to Modern Classrooms

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback).

For many years, “school is a child’s second home” was a promise that existed largely on paper. In reality, students could sense a clear divide in the warmth and engagement within their classrooms. The focus was primarily on maintaining discipline, covering the syllabus, and helping students recall what they had learned during lectures.

Emotions, if they surfaced at all, were often treated as distractions to be managed quickly. While it would be inaccurate to say that emotional awareness was entirely absent, it was certainly pushed to the periphery.

To some extent, this was understandable, as emotions can be complex, subjective, and difficult to measure. However, student performance began to reveal the limitations of this rigid approach. In a 2024 report, 97% of classroom teachers said they had witnessed children and young people having difficulty engaging with their learning in the previous week. This disengagement may point to deeper issues, including students’ emotional experiences and wellbeing.

As educators increasingly recognise this, emotional awareness has moved to the forefront. This blog post explores how teachers are drawing on emotional awareness to make learning more engaging. The four approaches discussed here demonstrate that meaningful change often arises not from sweeping reforms, but from small, intentional moments embedded within everyday teaching practice.

Listening Gets Equal Importance During Lectures

There is a reason why the term lecture often carries negative connotations. Few people enjoy being part of a one-sided monologue, even when delivered by a teacher. Traditionally, lectures centred on the teacher explaining content, an approach that is now often viewed as overly mechanical.

Today, equal importance is placed on understanding how students respond to a lesson, both verbally and emotionally. Active listening helps students feel valued, creating a safe space in which they can share their ideas, questions, and concerns. As a result, many teachers are careful not to rush through their lessons.

During lessons, effective teachers pay close attention to subtle cues such as hesitation, silence, and shifts in behaviour to gauge student understanding and engagement. In addition to silent observation, teachers may:

  • Ask open-ended questions to gain insight into students’ thinking
  • Provide students with time to articulate their thoughts and concerns
  • Adapt their teaching based on student responses, not just prior knowledge

A 2024 peer-reviewed article argues that active listening can strengthen educational relationships and give students greater confidence to express themselves. In essence, listening helps build rapport between educators and learners, making it an active relational practice rather than a passive classroom behaviour.

Teachers Recognize the Limits of Instinct Alone


In addition to subject knowledge, effective teaching requires empathy and compassion. Encouragingly, many educators now recognise that instinct alone is insufficient when navigating complex classroom situations.

Every student is unique, and similar behaviours can stem from very different underlying causes. This is where in-depth professional learning becomes essential. Most teachers already hold a bachelor’s degree, so further study is not about starting again, but about deepening expertise in a specific area of practice.

For example, a master’s-level programme in counselling can develop a deeper, research-informed understanding of emotional development and intervention strategies. Importantly, many of these programmes are available online, allowing teachers to continue working while advancing their qualifications.

Cost is, of course, a practical consideration. As a result, many educators explore options such as the most affordable online master’s programme in mental health counselling to balance professional development with financial and time constraints.

MSW Degrees highlights that selecting the right programme is a key step towards licensure and a potential career in counselling. While most educators do not pursue this path to become full-time counsellors, such qualifications can provide valuable expertise in supporting student well-being within schools.

With this deeper understanding, whether gained through formal study or professional experience, teachers are better equipped to:

  • Reassess initial interpretations of student behaviour after class
  • Recognise when similar situations produce different outcomes, even with the same response
  • Seek colleagues’ perspectives rather than relying solely on personal judgment
  • Identify underlying causes rather than treating each issue in isolation

Student Behavior Is Seen as Communication

What characterised the disciplinarian classrooms of the past? Many were defined by a “stop the negative behaviour immediately” approach. A student speaking during a lesson would be disciplined, while incomplete homework often led to increasingly severe consequences.

This focus on school discipline prioritised control and compliance. Today, however, there has been a significant shift. Teachers are less likely to draw immediate, especially negative, conclusions. Instead of reacting instinctively, they pause to interpret the message behind the behaviour.

For example, a student who interrupts may be seeking clarification or reassurance. Similarly, a student avoiding homework may be experiencing feelings of overwhelm. In practice, this approach may involve:

  • Considering the possible causes of behaviour before responding
  • Identifying patterns rather than focusing on isolated incidents
  • Holding calm, private conversations instead of addressing issues publicly
  • Adjusting tasks and expectations to better meet student needs

A 2024 study published in the European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research highlighted the connection between teachers’ instructional and behaviour management practices and students’ emotional and behavioural difficulties. The study found that teachers’ classroom practices were significantly associated with teacher-rated student emotional and behavioural risk, suggesting that how teachers respond to classroom needs can shape students’ behaviour and engagement.

Behaviour is rarely random, and modern educators are increasingly recognising its significance. Viewing behaviour as communication requires a high level of emotional awareness to ensure accurate interpretation.

Emotional Safety Has Become the Foundation of Learning

In many cases, it is not unwillingness or lack of ability that holds students back, but fear of judgment. Students who feel emotionally safe are more likely to ask questions, even seemingly simple ones, make mistakes, and remain actively engaged.

Encouragingly, creating emotional safety is now a key priority for many teachers. This shift reflects a growing awareness of how teacher responses shape the classroom environment.

Many educators avoid overly negative feedback, recognising that it can discourage participation. Instead, supportive responses help students remain engaged. In practice, this may involve:

  • Avoiding harsh criticism when correcting mistakes
  • Acknowledging and encouraging student effort
  • Allowing sufficient thinking time before expecting answers
  • Maintaining calm and predictable classroom interactions
  • Addressing sensitive issues privately rather than publicly

A 2025 study further emphasised this point, demonstrating that emotional support from teachers has a significant positive impact on student engagement. It also contributes to increased confidence and resilience, both of which are essential for effective learning.

Ultimately, students are more likely to participate when they feel supported. Emotional safety is not optional; it is fundamental. This is especially important given the growing concerns around youth mental health in today’s hyper-connected world.

Are your teaching approaches aligned with emotional awareness? A lesson plan alone may not provide the answer. Instead, consider the smaller, everyday moments, students speaking freely, or subtle behaviours that may indicate avoidance. These patterns often reveal more about a classroom environment than formal structures.

If this reflection feels slightly uncomfortable, that is perfectly acceptable. Treat it as valuable feedback and begin with small, deliberate adjustments. Pause before reacting to behaviour, ask one more question before forming a conclusion, or respond to mistakes with curiosity rather than judgment.

At its core, effective teaching relies on thoughtful, practical strategies that refine pedagogy. When students feel positive about their learning environment, everything else begins to fall into place. It ignites their intrinsic motivation to understand and engage with what is being taught, something that exists within every learner.

Bibliography and References

  • Pearson. (2024). Pearson School Report 2024: Your voices, our future. Pearson.
  • Newton, A. (2024). “Active listening for effective student engagement.” Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education, Issue 32. DOI: 10.47408/jldhe.vi32.1409
  • Poulou, M.S., Reddy, L.A., Dudek, C.M. and Lekwa, A.J. (2024) ‘How teachers’ instructional and behavior management practices relate to students’ emotional and behavioral difficulties following teachers’ observations and performance feedback: An initial study of Greek classrooms’, European Journal of Psychology and Educational Research, 7(4), pp. 207–223. doi: 10.12973/ejper.7.4.207.
  • Guo, W., Wang, J., Li, N. and Wang, L. (2025). “The impact of teacher emotional support on learning engagement among college students mediated by academic self-efficacy and academic resilience.” Scientific Reports, 15, Article 3670. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-88187-x
  • Weir, K. (2025) ‘U.S. teens need far more emotional and social support’, Monitor on Psychology, April/May. American Psychological Association. Available at: https://www.apa.org/monitor/2025/04-05/teen-social-emotional-support (Accessed: 1 May 2026)
  • Arciaga, M. (2025) ‘Discipline is Not Security: Dismantling Disparities Should be Top of Mind When Developing School Safety Policy in Georgia’, IDRA Policy Brief, February. Intercultural Development Research Association. Available at: https://www.idra.org/education_policy/discipline-is-not-security/ (Accessed: 1 May 2026).
  • MSW Degrees Editorial Team (2025) ‘2026 Most Affordable Online Counseling (LPC) Programs’, Master of Social Work Degrees, 9 April. Updated 13 February 2026. Available at: https://www.mswdegrees.org/degrees/online/most-affordable-counseling-programs/ (Accessed: 1 May 2026).

The Importance of Vigilance in Teaching

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

My promise to you: I never use generative AI to create, edit, or enhance my blog posts. All of my content is original.

After writing various posts for this blog for almost 11 years (yes….it’s been that long, I started in 2015!), it often becomes difficult to think of topics to write about. After all, with hundreds of articles on this site (which you can find at my blog index), almost every possible topic to do with education has been covered.

Today’s topic, however is one of those brought on by a sudden realisation, followed shortly by a mental note that etched the following words deep into my mind: Why haven’t I written about this before?.

Vigilance is such a central theme of effective teaching that I am surprised at myself for not writing a blog post about it until now.

So, if you’re the person who’s been waiting for 11 years for me to finally say something about vigilance, then today is your lucky day!

What does ‘vigilance’ mean for teachers?

Vigilance essentially means noticing things, then taking action. When we are vigilant as teachers, we ‘nip things in the bud’, to borrow a British idiom. It means that we spot things, and then we do something about the things we have spotted.

My favourite quote on the importance of vigilance in teaching comes from Dylan Wiliam:

“Responsive teaching… is contingent on constantly eliciting evidence of student understanding and acting on it.” – Wiliam, D. (2011) Embedded Formative Assessment. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.

Vigilance shouldn’t just apply to “eliciting evidence of student understanding”, however. It must be applied to EVERYTHING we do as teachers, and especially the four ‘domains’ that I will now outline.

Vigilance Domain #1: Data

As I explained in my post entitled Using Data to Empower Students, we are usually very good at collecting data as teachers, but we are often not vigilant enough to take action after we have analysed that data.

Things to notice and take action on include:

  • Dips and rises in attainment and progress over time. Use this data to set targets for students, praise students regularly, utilise ‘subtle reinforcement’ and intervene when poor performance is noticeable.
  • Attendance and punctuality data, as we often wait too long to take action when concerns are flagged. This one is pretty important, as it could be related to safeguarding matters.
  • Predicted grades vs actual grades. CAT4 and other enrolment data are often collected and aggregated brilliantly by schools, but does every teacher understand how to use this data? Has training been provided on how predicated grades should be assigned, and are reflections curated when actual grades don’t match predicted grades? There are opportunities here for deep learning at a school-wide level to take place.

Vigilance Domain #2: Safeguarding

It goes without saying that any safeguarding concerns you have about a child must be noticed and reported immediately to the designated person for child protection at your school. Things to look out for include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Sudden changes in a student’s behaviour
  • Disheveled/unkempt appearance of students at school. Unwashed clothes, bad smells, students appearing very tired, etc.
  • Sexual language/innuendo/behaviour expressed
  • Bruises, scars or other visible injuries children may have
  • Sudden decreases in attainment
  • Disclosures: Of course, if any student discloses something to you that raises a safeguarding red flag, or if you overhear a disclosure (e.g. students talking amongst themselves), then that must be reported.

Of course, if you spot any of the above it does not automatically mean that a child is at risk, but it is important to report any issues, however small, as the information you’ve acquired may be a crucial missing piece in the ‘larger story’ of a safeguarding picture.

Vigilance Domain #3: Behaviour

When most teachers hear the word ‘vigilance’, they immediately think of behaviour as the first domain to which ‘nipping things in the bud’ must be applied. There’s good reason for this: on a day-to-day basis, vigilance will be most often applied to behaviour management.

Teaching has changed a lot since I started my career in 2005 as a PGCE student and trainee teacher. Back then, there weren’t as many requirements to be so locked in to my computer as I am today. There weren’t really any VLEs, such Google Classroom or Moodle, to upload materials to. Email existed, but it wasn’t as big a part of a teacher’s life as it is today. EdTech, in it’s current form, was also in it’s infancy.

How things are different now! As teachers, we are expected to do so many things digitally, and this creates a challenge from a vigilance perspective. Teachers often find themselves working on computers whilst they’ve set a task for their students to complete (and, you can include me in that category, too). This is fine, so long as vigilance is still in place:

  • Every few minutes or so, walk around the classroom to check that your students are completing the assigned task. I would not advise spending long periods working on your computer, oblivious to what the students are doing.
  • Use verbal check-ins, such as “Group 2, how’s that going?”, “Remember, everyone, to include 10 slides minimum in your presentation”, and so forth. This signals to the class that you are still present, and watching.
  • Digital check-ins can work well. Any form of cloud-based task, such as Google slides and docs, Canva projects, MS Teams work, and so forth can be shared with you as the teacher. You can log in to that work as the students are doing it, and offer real-time feedback.
  • Utilise live-marking strategies (very powerful).

Spotting students who are off-task early, and taking action, is a classic example of ‘nipping things in the bud’. You deal with the issue in its infancy, before it grows into something that is more difficult to manage. My blog post entitled Behaviour Management Basics goes into more detail on this.

Vigilance Domain #4: Professional Intelligence

Information related to your students….

  • Hobbies
  • Interests
  • Achievements outside of school
  • Birthdays
  • Upcoming events
  • Career aspirations
  • Prior achievements
  • Life outside of school

….can all be used in the rapport-building process, and….rapport is an essential quality to build if you want to be an effective teacher. Strike up conversations with your students in which you discuss the above things, with the aim of being an encouraging mentor. Take a professional interest in the entire life of each of your students, whilst maintaining professional distance of course, and you’ll be amazed at how this will benefit your classroom management dynamics.

Key takeaways

  • Vigilance means noticing things, then taking action.
  • We need to collect and analyse data (such as attainment and progress), then use that for target setting and interventions.
  • Safeguarding red flags must always be noticed and acted upon immediately. Talk with your schools designated person for child protection if you are unsure about how to do this.
  • Behaviour management is heavily dependent on vigilance. It’s always better to ‘nip poor behaviour in the bud’ before it grows.
  • Take a professional interest in the entire life of each of your students, and use that information for rapport-building. This comes under the broad umbrella concept of ‘Subtle Reinforcement’.

Teaching in Troubled Times: How to Discuss War and Conflict with High School Students

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers, award-winning author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management: 45 Secrets That All High School Teachers Need to Know and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback

This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

As an educator who’s been living and working in Thailand for almost 20 years, I’ve come to accept something many educators face globally: news of war and conflict walks into our classrooms whether we invite it or not. From the war between Russia and Ukraine to the recent Iran/Israel escalation, rising tensions between China and Taiwan, and the sporadic disputes along the Thai/Cambodian border, these aren’t just geopolitical headlines. For many of our students, they are anxiety-inducing, deeply personal, and inescapable parts of the world they’re growing up in.

And here’s something I’ve learned: you don’t have to be a history or global politics teacher to be asked tough questions about war. I’ve had discussions about current conflicts emerge during maths, science, and even PSHE lessons. The truth is, any high school teacher could be called to respond to these sensitive and complex issues. When that moment comes, how we respond matters more than what subject we teach.

Tip #1: Start by listening, not lecturing

In times of global conflict, students often bring their worries into the classroom unexpectedly. It might stem from what they’ve seen on TikTok, heard at home, or picked up from peers. I always begin these conversations by asking open-ended questions like:

“What have you heard?” or “How are you feeling about that?”

This allows me to assess their emotional state and the accuracy of their information. Research supports this approach: students are more likely to engage meaningfully in civic discourse when they feel safe and heard (Hess & McAvoy, 2014).

Tip #2: All teachers need to be ready for these conversations

Some colleagues have said to me, “That’s a humanities issue.” But I disagree. In today’s hyperconnected world, every teacher is potentially a sounding board for students’ emotional and intellectual processing of conflict.

In my own experience:

  • A student once asked me about nuclear war during a chemistry class.
  • Another wanted to know if the Middle East would be “dragged into” a wider regional conflict, right before a mathematics starter activity.
  • Others have written about conflict in science coursework assignments or referenced it during presentation work.

When we assume that only certain teachers handle these topics, we miss opportunities to support and guide students in the moments they need us most.

My award-winning book, available to purchase at Amazon.

Tip #3: Teach civil disagreement across all disciplines

Classroom discussions can become emotionally charged, especially in multicultural settings where students may have personal connections to conflicting regions. Teaching the skill of respectful dialogue is essential.

Even in subjects like science, maths, or business, I’ve found value in short protocols:

  • Set clear ground rules for discussion.
  • Use sentence stems like “I see it differently because…” or “That’s a good point, but I wonder…”.
  • Model calm, balanced responses if/when things get tense.

Respectful disagreement is a skill for life, not just for history class (Levine, 2007).

#4: Use conflict as a lens for interdisciplinary learning

Discussing war doesn’t have to derail your lesson. Instead, it can be an opportunity to connect your subject to real-world relevance. For example:

  • In science: Explore the physics behind missile technology or the effects of radiation exposure.
  • In ICT: Examine cyber warfare and its implications.
  • In maths: Use refugee migration data to teach statistics.
  • In business or economics: Analyze the financial impact of sanctions or military spending.

If you are able to think on your feet and get creative with linking the discussion to your content, then this can really assist in facilitating the deep learning process. If you’re bold enough, and if you have time, you could even get groups of students involved in some kind of project that links the conflict topic to your subject area: just be sure to provide some source material and lots of guidance along the way.

This makes learning more engaging while showing students that the world’s problems aren’t siloed into one academic subject.

#5: Equip students to evaluate information critically

In the age of algorithm-driven news feeds, students often encounter emotional and misleading content. As I highlighted in my earlier post on Responding Thoughtfully to Controversial Topics, we need to give students tools to navigate a flood of half-truths and sensationalism.

It’s a good idea to teach the CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) in every subject area, not just humanities (Blakeslee, 2004). Using this, we can practice spotting bias in headlines, comparing different media sources, and fact-checking viral claims. Critical thinking belongs everywhere.

Tip #6: Maintain professional distance while being supportive

Sometimes these conversations can take a toll on us as teachers: especially if we feel pressured to take sides or reveal our own opinions. As I outlined in Maintaining Professional Distance as a High School Teacher, we must manage our emotional investment carefully.

We can care deeply about our students without making our classrooms emotionally overwhelming. Set clear boundaries, acknowledge uncertainty, and remind students that the classroom is a place for learning, not for political debate or division.

Tip #7: Always end with hope and human agency

Students need to know that while war is devastating, history is also filled with peacebuilders, diplomats, and communities who choose cooperation over destruction. I try my best to end conversations about conflict with examples of:

  • International aid workers
  • Diplomats resolving crises
  • Youth-led movements promoting peace

Research suggests that when young people feel hopeful and empowered, they are better able to cope with the stress of global challenges (Ojala, 2012). Even simple class projects, like creating awareness posters or writing letters to NGOs, can help foster this sense of agency.

War and conflict are difficult to teach about. They stir up emotion, uncertainty, and fear. But if we shy away from these conversations, we risk leaving students alone with their questions and worries. It’s not about having all the answers. It’s about creating safe spaces to explore difficult topics with honesty, empathy, and intellectual courage.

And remember, you don’t have to be a history teacher to make a lasting impact. You just need to be present, prepared, and willing to guide the conversation with care.

Bibliography and references

Blakeslee, S. (2004). The CRAAP Test. Meriam Library, California State University. Available at: https://library.csuchico.edu/sites/default/files/craap-test.pdf [Accessed 21 Jun. 2025].

Hess, D. and McAvoy, P. (2014). The Political Classroom: Evidence and Ethics in Democratic Education. New York: Routledge.

International Crisis Group (2024). Conflict Watch 2024: Flashpoints to Monitor. Available at: https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/10-conflicts-watch-2024 [Accessed 21 Jun. 2025].

Levine, P. (2007). The Future of Democracy: Developing the Next Generation of American Citizens. Medford: Tufts University Press.

Ojala, M. (2012). Hope and climate change: The importance of hope for environmental engagement among young people. Environmental Education Research, 18(5), pp.625–642.

Wardle, C. and Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policymaking. Council of Europe. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/information-disorder-report-version-august-2018/16808c9c77 [Accessed 21 Jun. 2025].

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Equity vs Equality in Education: What I’ve Learned from the Front Lines

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers, award-winning author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management: 45 Secrets That All High School Teachers Need to Know and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback

This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

As a teacher with over twenty years of experience across the UK and Thailand, I’ve come to realise one of the most important truths in education: treating every student the same is not the same as giving every student a fair chance.

Like many early-career educators, I believed that equality, which means giving all students the same tasks, the same resources, and the same deadlines, was the fairest way to teach. However, time and experience taught me that equity, not equality, is what truly transforms learning. It involves giving each student what they need to succeed. Sometimes that means providing different forms of support to different learners.

🎯 Equality vs Equity: Understanding the Distinction

Equality in education refers to providing the same input, such as resources, instruction, and expectations, to all students, regardless of their background or ability.

Equity, by contrast, refers to providing varied support based on each student’s individual needs. This ensures that every learner has a real chance to reach similar outcomes (American Institutes for Research, 2021).

As educators, recognising this difference is crucial. While equality may appear fair on the surface, it can unintentionally overlook real barriers that prevent students from achieving their potential.

🧪 A Student Who Changed My Perspective

I once taught a student who had never studied Chemistry before enrolling in my IGCSE course. In Term 1, she scored a Grade U on her initial assessments, which was far below a pass. Some teachers might have seen her as too far behind to succeed.

I saw something different. I saw potential.

We worked together closely. I created a personalised study plan, offered regular one-on-one coaching, and gave her access to simplified materials that broke down difficult concepts into manageable sections. She was incredibly committed, and I made sure she had the right tools and support at every stage.

By the end of the academic year, she achieved a Grade A* in her final IGCSE examination.

That transformation did not happen because of equal treatment. It happened because of equitable support that matched her specific needs.

🛠️ Equity in Action: Practical Classroom Strategies

Here is how I integrate equity into my everyday teaching practice:

1. Diagnostic Assessment

Before teaching new material, I assess students’ prior knowledge. This helps me plan lessons that are appropriate for their current level of understanding (Tomlinson, 2014).

2. Differentiated Instruction

I design tasks at various levels of complexity and allow students to demonstrate understanding in multiple ways (Gregory and Chapman, 2013).

3. Targeted Support

Students who need additional time, alternative materials, or more personalised guidance receive it. Fairness means giving students what they need, not giving everyone the same thing (Sands, Kozleski and French, 2000).

4. Flexible Feedback

I adjust how often and in what format I provide feedback based on what works best for each student. Some thrive with independence, while others benefit from frequent check-ins. It’s important to explore a variety of methods, such a live-marking, learning journals, peer-assessment and automated assessment. If you’re finding that feedback is eating up too much of your time to be sustainable, then you might find my blog post on efficient feedback strategies helpful.

🌍 Why Equity Matters Now More Than Ever

In today’s post-pandemic world, students are returning to school with greater disparities in learning and wellbeing than ever before. UNESCO (2023) stresses that schools must prioritise equity in their recovery plans to avoid widening existing gaps.

This is especially true in international and multicultural schools, where learners bring a wide range of linguistic, cultural, and academic experiences. A one-size-fits-all model no longer meets the needs of our students, and it likely never did.

💡 Final Thoughts

That IGCSE Chemistry student taught me more than any professional development course ever could. She did not need the same treatment as everyone else. She needed the right support at the right time.

In education, equality may look fair. However, only equity ensures that every student has a genuine chance to succeed.

When we commit to equity, we are not lowering expectations. We are raising access. That is how real learning happens.

📚 Bibliography

American Institutes for Research (2021). What is Educational Equity?. [online] Available at: https://www.air.org/resource/what-educational-equity [Accessed 31 May 2025].

Cook-Sather, A. (2006). Sound, presence, and power: “Student voice” in educational research and reform. Curriculum Inquiry, 36(4), pp.359–390.

Gregory, G.H. and Chapman, C. (2013). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Does Not Fit All. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Sands, D.I., Kozleski, E.B. and French, N.K. (2000). Inclusive education for the 21st century. Remedial and Special Education, 21(2), pp.66–78.

Tomlinson, C.A. (2014). The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners. 2nd ed. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

UNESCO (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Inclusive Education in Times of Crisis. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.

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