Tag: teachers

Five Strategies for Engaging Quiet, Shy and Withdrawn Students

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Students who are quiet in class are often the ones who are most overlooked by educators. They tend to be compliant; they rarely (if ever) ask questions; they turn in their homework on time and generally just get on with things.

One could be forgiven for thinking of such learners as the ‘perfect’ students.

This is, however, quite a narrowly focused viewpoint and stance to take. Such students may be well behaved, but how can we be sure that they have understood the content we have delivered in a lesson (aside from formally assessing them)? Additionally, how are we, as educators, helping our quiet and withdrawn students to develop their self-confidence and key skills, such as public speaking, teamwork and problem-solving?

It is my conviction that such students can be reached, as I have successfully engaged hundreds of such learners over the past 17 years in my role as a secondary school mathematics and science teacher. The process requires patience and long-term planning, but the results one can achieve are well worth this investment in time and energy.

So, let’s explore some practical strategies to engage these quiet and withdrawn students.

Strategy #1: Use more spatial response tasks in class

The concept here is quite simple: a ‘spatial response’ task allows students to answer questions without verbalizing anything.

“How is that possible?” you might ask.

Well, instead of the traditional ‘hands up’ for answering a question, students use movement and their physical bodies to signal their responses. This is a good first step in any long-term ‘engagement development’ plan you may have for a shy student, as they can interact with the lesson content without having to say anything. That. at least, is better than no engagement at all.

Two of my favourite such spatial response tasks are….

A ‘Human Graph’ and ‘True or False’ Walls

Do you want to know the opinions of your students on a subject matter? Maybe you’re taking a survey (e.g. Which day is the best for canteen food?). Maybe you have a list of multiple-choice questions and you want a fun way to get the kids through them.

A human graph might be the right tool for you!

What if you just want to quickly check your students’ conceptual understandings (e.g. as a plenary)? You could ask some true/false questions and get the kids to raise their hands, or you could use a way cooler (and more fun) method! 

Choose one wall to be the ‘True’ wall and one to be the ‘False’ wall.  Once you’ve asked the question, get the kids to walk to the correct wall. It’s that simple! Just make sure that the kids walk back to the middle of the classroom before each question. 

This great illustration from Pop shows you the steps to take for each of these activities:

I’ve written a separate blog post that covers spatial learning activities in more detail, here. Please do check it out – all of the activities I write about have been field tested by me in the classroom, and they work!

Strategy #2: Do more ‘live marking’

Live marking means that you have more one-to-one conversations with students about their work, in real time. Here’s another great thing about it too: Live marking is not only a highly efficient formative assessment tool, but it also provides a comfortable space in which most of your shy and quiet students will be willing to open up and talk. There are two main methods to implement live marking: ‘diffusively’ and ‘absorptively’. Let’s explore these in more detail.

Diffusive Live-Marking

This is really simple:

  1. Set a task for your students to complete (it could be a Google Slides presentation, a worksheet to complete, some questions from their textbook to do, etc.).
  2. When a few minutes have passed, ‘diffuse’ through the classroom by walking around with a marking pen in hand (I use a red pen). 
  3. Mark student work in real time, as they are doing it. Of course – reinforce your written comments with verbal feedback (and you can even write ‘verbal feedback give’ or ‘VF’ on the work).

Hey presto – you just saved yourself an hour or so of after-school marking time, and you’ve engaged some quiet students in some short conversations.

Check out my award-winning book for high-school teachers on Amazon.

Absorptive Live-Marking

In this scenario, one can imagine the teacher being like a ‘sponge’ that ‘absorbs’ the students: instead of walking around the classroom to mark work in ‘real-time’, you sit at your desk (or at a designated ‘consultation point’ in the room) and call the students to your desk one-at-a-time. 

Which is better – absorptive or diffusive live-marking?

In my personal opinion, both forms of marking can have a role to play in engaging our shy learners.

I tend to use absorptive live-marking more than diffusive as I am lucky enough to work in a school where the overwhelming majority of the students are very well-behaved. This means that I can call them to my desk one-at-a-time and the class will still stay on-task. A big advantage of the absorptive method is that I can give more detailed and personal feedback to each student and I have my whole desk-space to neatly mark the work on. 

Strategy 3: Utilise Live-Quiz Apps

These have been around for quite a while now. Most educators have heard about Kahoot!, but did you know that are a wide-range of live quiz apps, similar in style to Kahoot!, that utilise multiple-choice questioning?

When it comes to engaging shy, withdrawn and quiet students, Quizlet Live and Blooket are my two most favourite apps as they encourage peer-to-peer communication. Let’s find out a little more about them.

Blooket

Blooket distinguishes itself from other quiz-based apps in that there are actually multiple types of games that you can play with the students, all based on the much-loved multiple-choice quiz format. My personal favorites are:

  • Crypto Hack: With a dark theme and Bitcoin-centric atmosphere, Crypto Hack is one of the students’ favorites. After answering a series of questions correctly the students are then able to guess fellow students’ passwords (passwords are chosen from a pre-determined list that the game provides). A correct guess allows the player to hack the other player and steal imaginary crypto currency from them.
  • Fishing Frenzy: This one’s a bit crazy – hilariously so! Students, again, answer multiple choice questions but this time they cast a virtual fishing line into the water after answering correctly. What they pull out are usually different types of fish, but they can pull out junk and other crazy objects too. Players are ranked by the weight of fish they pull out of the water. Players can also ‘plunder’ other players’ fish and steal their poundage. It gets very competitive and you can expect to hear a lot of laughter in the classroom as this gets going!
  • Tower Defense: According to Blooket themselves, this is their most popular game. In this mode, the students answer multiple choice questions and are then presented with a map. On this map, the students must place towers in strategic positions to shoot enemies that appear on-screen. In this sense, Tower Defense is more similar to the kind of computer games that children are playing in their free time than all of the other game modes provided.

Quizlet Live

Hidden within Quizlet‘s excellent flash card system is a little-known activity called Quizlet Live. When the teacher selects this, the students in your classroom join the game (by entering a code on their devices) and are then placed into random teams. Once the game begins, all of the players in each team are given different questions to answer, so they MUST help each other if they want to win. The first team to pass twelve rounds of questions is the winner, and the teacher’s screen shows the real-time position of each team (1st place, 2nd place, 3rd place and so on).

Quizlet Live has two features which I believe make it a very unique learning tool:

  1. Students can read through the flash cards for the game as they’re waiting for other students to join. This, I believe, gives Quizlet Live a big advantage over many other quiz-based systems as students are not sitting around doing nothing as they’re waiting.
  2. Quizlet Live provides each team member with a different question, making the game more thorough/rigorous than some other quiz-based systems. Every member of the team has to answer their question correctly before the team can move to the next round.

Quizlet has an immense database of flash cards created by other educators from all over the world, so it’s highly likely that you’ll find a question set that is suitable for your topic. If not, then you can make a set yourself.

Strategy 4: Try ‘Flipped Learning’

Flipped Learning allows students the opportunity to research a topic before it is explored in class. This may provide your quieter students with more confidence to speak up as they will have had a chance to acquire some knowledge before the lesson begins.

The following extract comes from a great guest blog post on Flipped Learning that Kiara Miller from The Speakingnerd wrote for me back in March 2023:

“A flipped classroom is a form of blended learning model where students learn about new concepts at home. They then discuss their findings with their teachers and the rest of the students in a classroom. With this teaching approach, students interact with the course material beforehand and while inside the classroom, they engage in interactive group learning activities.

Students aren’t bombarded with new material, but rather, they come with their own understanding of the concepts. That is through online videos and any other supporting content that can be text-based. It can also be provided by a teacher or students can do their own research.“

You can read the full blog post, here: https://richardjamesrogers.com/2023/03/14/5-reasons-for-teachers-to-try-out-flipped-classrooms/

Strategy 5: Seek professional help for the student if no improvement is observed

All students who exhibit shy and withdrawn behaviors have underlying reasons for their lack of confidence, or lack of engagement. In some cases, it’s worth referring such students to trusted professionals, such as school counselors, who will be able to work with them on a one-to-one basis.

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Tackling Bullying in High Schools: High-Impact Strategies for Teachers and School Leaders to Consider

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

The safety of students MUST be the number one priority for every school, regardless of location. If schools are not safe places for children, then anything and everything we do in terms of teaching and learning, practical pedagogy and all other strategies aimed at educating our learners will be negatively affected.

It is, therefore, most unfortunate that a simple Google search yields so many devastating news stories on the subject matter of bullying incidents in schools. Today, for example, these were the top three results that came up for me after typing in ‘high school bullying incident’ and performing a Google ‘News’ search:

The accompanying podcast episode, which is linked at the top of this blog post, was recorded about a week before writing this blog post. I performed the same Google News search on that day, and a different list of equally disturbing articles were retrieved by the search engine.

I believe that all of these bullying incidents could have been prevented if some simple, yet high-impact strategies were put in-place by the schools affected. This conviction I hold is reinforced by some of the best quality research available, too. A 2017 study by the British Psychological Society, for example, found that…..

Results show a substantial school- and classroom-level effect on prevalence of bullying. Effective school policies were found to be related to levels of bullying.

Muijs, D. (2017). Can schools reduce bullying? The relationship between school characteristics and the prevalence of bullying behaviours. British Journal of Educational Psychology. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28220471/

It is my aim today to bring such “effective school policies” and strategies to the proverbial ‘table’ for school leaders and teachers to consider. I’ve garnered such strategies from my personal experiences over the past seventeen years as a high school teacher of Science and Mathematics, as well as from the official guidance of agencies, governmental panels and research findings. Let’s get started!

#1: Teachers need to be ‘on duty’ and visible around campus at key times

I must admit, after reading the last story in the above list (the alleged bullying-related death of the 16-year-old girl in Los Angeles) I felt incredibly sad, and also somewhat angry, despite not knowing the family or the child who died. Fights on school campuses simply should NOT BE HAPPENING and should be ENDED QUICKLY if they do happen. Where were the supervising teachers or staff members who should have been on duty, monitoring the communal areas?

To my American readers I must apologise up-front: I don’t know what you call this concept. As a British teacher I can tell you that we call staff who supervise areas of the school campus at break times, lunch times, before school and after school (and, ideally, between lessons) as being ‘on duty’.

It’s a simple concept – station your trusted adults in communal areas around the school campus at key times – particularly during lesson changeovers (which, I have to say, is a time period that is often overlooked by many schools). With more ‘eyes’ on the students at these times, and by teachers being visible around the school site, fights and other bullying incidents are much less likely to happen in the first place.

British schools have been doing this for decades, and it’s pretty simple to set up. Typically, teachers are placed ‘on duty’ on their lightest teaching days, in order to make the workload as proportionate and manageable as possible.

Problem areas of the campus to consider include:

  • Toilet areas: Station teachers directly outside toilet areas at key times. Ideally, doors to communal toileting areas should be kept open (if possible). In terms of allowing teachers to go into student toilet areas to check on what’s happening, this can be problematic and can put teachers at undue risk, unless very clear guidelines are in-place. This is an issue that you and your colleagues at school should carefully consider – especially in terms of legal compliance.
  • Empty rooms: Are they locked when not in use? They should be.
  • ‘Out of sight’ areas: These vary from school to school but can include spaces behind buildings and walls, foliage (e.g., bushes, trees and woodland), storage rooms and other locations.
  • Entry and exit points: Who can access the school site, and how? What security protocols are in-place to ensure that only authorized personnel are allowed on-campus?

Consider doing an audit of all such ‘hard to see’ places in your school, perhaps with a small team of teachers who are particularly passionate about tackling bullying and who are willing to dedicate time to such discussions.

But……..is increasing supervision enough?

According to several researchers, the simple answer that question is no. An excellent qualitative study by Horton et al (2020) summarizes this conundrum perfectly:

While improved playground supervision is perceived to be an effective component of anti-bullying programmes, it is not sufficient on its own (Flygare et al., 2011). A number of researchers have highlighted the importance of not only improving supervision of school spaces but also of addressing the ways in which school spaces are designed (e.g. Carney & Merrell, 2001; Fram & Dickmann, 2012; Gordon & Lahelma, 1996;
Lambert, 1999; Malone & Tranter, 2003; Mulryan-Kyne, 2014)

Horton, P., Forsberg, C., & Thornberg, R. (2020). “It’s hard to be everywhere”: Teachers’ perspectives on spatiality, school design and school bullying. International Journal of Emotional Education, Volume 12, Number 2, pp 41 – 55. Retrieved from https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/123456789/65096/3/v12i2tm3.pdf

This brings me on to my next strategy to consider…..

2: Remodel current spaces if possible. If you’re building a new school, or new parts of a school, then design the campus with anti-bullying architecture in mind.

An excellent study by Dickmann and Fram (2012) analyzed different aspects of school architecture to determine their effect on encouraging, or inhibiting, bullying incidents. One key part of the study that really stood out to me is quoted below:

The hallways, as closed spaces, were repeatedly mentioned in the surveys when answering questions about commonly used spaces regarding safety and surveillance. All of the themes from the data appeared as interrelated problems feeding off each other in hallway spaces. Comments about isolation (e.g., “the weird design of the building isolates rooms”) how the hallway spaces isolated the classrooms, discipline (“running in the hallways”), movement (“passing in the hallways”), security (lack of supervision in the hallways), and the lack of lighting highlighted the dimensions of the hallway spaces that potentially intensified bullying tendencies.

Fram, S. M., & Dickmann, E. M. (2012). How the School Built Environment Exacerbates Bullying and Peer Harassment. Children, Youth and Environments, 22(1), 227-249. Retrieved from How the School Built Environment Exacerbates Bullying and Peer Harassment on JSTOR

The study goes into great detail to describe problematic areas of school campuses from a bullying standpoint and offers great insights into where supervising teachers should be focusing their attention.

I suggest school leaders to invite their staff to join a ‘Building Design’ working group, or similar, and allow them input into the design of new spaces that your school wishes to build, as well as re-design of current areas of the campus. Consider space, visibility and ease of access. Are there ways in which current building spaces can be improved? Perhaps consider how students move through the school (e.g. going up and down staircases – do students keep to one side, or are there no rules in place?), lighting and any obstructions that may be hindering visibility or student movement.

#3: Consider installing CCTV systems

Good CCTV systems can provide the deterrent needed to prevent a bullying incident from happening in the first place. They should, however, NEVER be used as a replacement for staff being on duty as they only record data and cannot intervene (obviously). Camera footage can also provide suitable evidence that can be passed on to school administrators and law enforcement later on, if the need arises.

Some research into the effectiveness of CCTV systems on tackling bullying in schools has been completed in the past decade, with some promising conclusions being made. A study by Timothy Gitonga at the University of Nairobi, for example, found that…

CCTV surveillance cameras were perceived positively by a large number of students and the cameras were linked with keeping the school safe.

Gitonga, T. (2020). Effect Of Closed Circuit Television (Cctv) Surveillance Technology On School Safety In Public Boarding Secondary Schools In Igembe South Sub-County, Meru County, Kenya. University of Nairobi. Retrieved from http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/153086

Of course, there are challenges with installing and maintaining CCTV systems, which include:

  • Cost
  • Management of data and legal compliance
  • Quality of footage and sound

Despite these disadvantages, however, CCTV systems are worth installing – not least because of the positive psychological impact and feeling of safety that they imbue.

#4: Law enforcement need to set the right example, and schools need to defer to law enforcement at all appropriate times

The message needs to be clear – if you are violent towards another person, you will be punished to the fullest extent of the law, even if you are a high school student. This, surely, is the ultimate deterrent?

In addition to this, schools need to be unafraid of contacting law enforcement when a violent incident or other potential crime has happened. Keeping everything in-house does not send the right message to the school community. Again, the message must be clear – if you are violent towards another student then law enforcement will be contacted, and they will be cooperated with fully.

#5: Reinforce a collaborative school ethos through assemblies, PSHE, events and tutor time/homeroom periods

When schools have clear Visions, Missions and Core Values, and when these are fully embedded, a collaborative community is created. This isn’t an idealistic view of the world that I have naively taken – it’s backed-up by legitimate research. Take this conclusion from a massive study that compared teacher-rated school ethos and reported incidents in bullying at Stockholm schools, for example:

Five teacher-rated sub-dimensions of school ethos (staff stability, teacher morale, structure-order, student focus, and academic atmosphere) were examined in relation to student-reported perpetration of and exposure to traditional school bullying and cyberbullying. The data material combines student and teacher information from two separate data collections performed in 2016, comprising teachers and students in 58 upper secondary schools in Stockholm. Analyses showed that bullying was associated with all but one of the five sub-dimensions of school ethos, namely structure and order for dealing with bullying behaviors at the school. Results are discussed in light of this counter-intuitive finding. Our findings nevertheless lend support to the idea that the social organization of schools, as reflected in their teacher-rated ethos, can affect individual students’ attitudes in a way that prevents the emergence of bullying behavior among students.


Modin, B., Låftman, S. B., & Östberg, V. (2017). Teacher Rated School Ethos and Student Reported Bullying—A Multilevel Study of Upper Secondary Schools in Stockholm, Sweden. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(12), 1565. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121565

There are a number of ways in which a positive school ethos (which emphasizes collaboration and a zero-tolerance approach to bullying) can be created and reinforced:

  • Student Conduct Agreements – This is great idea that my current school implements. At the start of every academic year, students and parents sign a conduct agreement that outlines the expectations of the learner. These expectations include a statement along the lines of “I will not bully other people.” The signed agreement is kept on file at school and can be retrieved if needed for the purpose of discussions later on, should an incident happen.
  • Reinforce school expectations through the homeroom teachers/tutor time: Regular sessions that focus on school expectations, and why they are in-place, can form the basis of PSHE lessons and tutor time. Children, like adults, need to be reminded of key messages on a regular basis, and that includes whole-school practices, policies, goals and ethos.
  • Celebrate achievement as a whole school community: A phrase I coined years ago has garnered much attention in educational circles, which is an encouraging sign. That phrase is “Praise must be collective in order to be effective”. Encourage other teachers to praise your students when they do good work and celebrate achievement through assemblies and events. When schools become positive spaces where achievements are celebrated, bullying has difficulty taking root.

Tied in with all of the above ideas are rapport-building strategies – a aspect of classroom management that’s so important, that I dedicated an entire chapter of my first book, The Quick Guide to Classroom Management: 45 Secrets That All High School Teachers Need to Know, to it. I highly recommend this book to any trainee teacher who is struggling with behaviour management and/or classroom management.

Other strategies to consider

Employ a school counselor

School counselors can work with victims and bullies to resolve conflict and work through personal issues they may have. They may, in some cases, also have extensive knowledge of evidence-based anti-bullying strategies, yet some research shows that they are rarely consulted when school policies are created regarding bullying prevention:

A sample of 560 school psychologists and school counselors completed a Web-based survey regarding bullying in their schools, related training, and interventions used. Few school-based mental health professionals used evidence-based bullying interventions or were involved in the selection of interventions for their school, and administrators were often cited being in charge of selecting the antibullying program(s) to be used by a school or district. 

Lund, E. M., Blake, J. J., Ewing, H. K., & Banks, C. S. (2012). School Counselors’ and School Psychologists’ Bullying Prevention and Intervention Strategies: A Look Into Real-World Practices. School Psychology Review, 41(2), 246-265. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2012.682005

In light of such research I would advise school administrators to employ school counselors who are trained in, and have experience of, anti-bullying strategies. Invite school counselors to discussions on whole school policies and encourage them to help formulate the school’s anti-bullying system/strategy.

Consult trusted sources for specific advice

I’m not going to pretend that this one blog post contains the solutions to all of your school’s bullying issues. I do hope, however, that it has been a good starting point and a useful prompt for further discussions to take place at your institution. You’ll notice, for example, that I’ve not touched upon cyberbullying, race-related discrimination or other specific issues that often require specific solutions. I have, however, included some useful PDF open-source guides on a range of issues below that you are welcome to download:

Preventing_and_tackling_bullying_adviceDownload
Bullying-Prevention-Strategies-and-ResourcesDownload
Cyberbullying-Guide-Final-508Download

Conclusion

Bullying in schools continues to be a global issue. A 2018 study by UNESCO, for example, showed that one in three children globally are bullied at school. Strategies to tackle bullying must be proactive and collaborative, and could include (but are not limited to):

  • Assigning duties to teachers and school staff so that they are present and visible at key communal areas of the school, particularly during break times and lesson changeover periods
  • Remodeling and designing school architecture so that ‘problem areas’ of campuses are reduced in frequency. This involves ensuring that lighting, visibility and accessibility are carefully considered. Empty rooms should be locked and staff should be made aware of where potential problems could flare up on-site.
  • Installing high-quality CCTV systems that are legally compliant, highly visible and supported by good software and technical personnel. Such systems should be strategically placed around campus to focus on communal areas that have been identified as ‘problem locations’ in the first instance.
  • Defer to local enforcement for every instance that a suspected crime, such as an assault, has taken place. It’s important that high school children realise that there are consequences for their actions.
  • Develop a collaborative and communal school ethos through clear school values, tutor period time, assemblies, events and tools like Conduct Agreements. Celebrate achievements openly and remember that “Praise must be collective in order to be effective”.

Bibliography and references (in order of appearance)

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What is ‘Scrum’ and How Can it be Used in High Schools?

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

As a recently designated Certified ScrumMaster®, I thought it would be appropriate for me to share my newly acquired knowledge with my readers – with a particular emphasis on how Scrum can be utilised in the high school classroom, and when managing teams of high school teachers. Scrum is a hugely popular Agile Project Management technique that is most commonly associated with boardrooms, not classrooms! Today I aim to explain why Scrum is an excellent framework for use with any school project, and how the logistics of the system work.

The Student Experience

For students, adopting Scrum is like discovering a secret potion that turbocharges their project work. Here’s how it unfolds:

Project proposal: Picture a brainstorming session where students pitch their project ideas – from building a mini-robot to organizing a charity event. With Scrum, they can form self-organized teams around these ideas, each team with its unique blend of skills and passions.

There are three ‘roles’ that students can choose to play in Scrum:

  • Product Owner: Decides which tasks need to be completed as part of the project and clarifies requirements. The Product Owner manages the Product Backlog – prioritizing tasks that require the most attention and keeping track of team progress.
  • Scrum Master: Understands Scrum philosophy and facilitates and coordinates the entire process of Scrum.
  • Developer: These are the team members who carry out the daily work of creating the parts of the project that the Product Owner decides are the highest priority. Developers are the only team members who MUST attend the Daily Scrum, but the Product Owner and Scrum Master can join too.

Sprints and ‘Increments’: In Scrum, projects are broken down into manageable chunks called sprints – think of them as short, focused bursts of activity. For our high school heroes, this means setting clear goals for each sprint – whether it’s designing a prototype or conducting research – and diving headfirst into action. A sprint should last between 7 – 10 days, ideally (although, officially, a Sprint can last up to four weeks but I don’t recommend this). The objective of the sprint is to produce a useable part of the project, called an ‘increment’. This increment could be a data analysis on Google Sheets, a working model of particular concept, a series of slides, a short video with text, a summary of research conducted, etc.

Daily Scrum (or ‘Standup’): Every day, students gather for quick (no longer than 15 minute) meetings, sharing progress updates, discussing roadblocks (or ‘impediments’), and tweaking their plans accordingly. It’s like having a daily pow-wow to keep everyone on the same page and ensure that nobody gets lost in the shuffle. Of course, you may not teach the students every single day, which is why Scrum teaches them how to collaborate and agree upon a daily meeting place (e.g. the school library).

Feedback and Adaptation: Scrum thrives on feedback loops, and our students are no exception. Whether it’s peer reviews, teacher feedback, or reflections on their own progress, students constantly iterate and refine their work, learning the invaluable art of adaptation along the way. The review part of the Scrum cycle is called the ‘Sprint Review’ and should be conducted at the end of every Sprint. It is a process designed for the team’s benefit, so it may not need to be run as a whole class presentation but rather a group meeting of around 30 minutes.

Showcase and Celebrate: As each sprint concludes, students showcase their achievements – whether it’s a working prototype, a compelling presentation, or a tangible outcome (once again, the outcome is called an ‘increment’). It’s a moment of pride and celebration, reminding them of how far they’ve come and fueling their drive for the next sprint.

Utilising Scrum with teams of teachers

Now, let’s shift gears and zoom in on the teachers – the unsung heroes behind the scenes. The very same Scrum cycle that we use with students can be used with teachers too – the framework doesn’t change. Here’s how Scrum empowers them to lead by example:

Facilitation: As senior teachers lead their teams of educators, they wear the hat of facilitators rather than dictators. They create a safe space for collaboration, encourage open dialogue, and empower their peers to take ownership of their professional development.

Coaching and Support: Just like coaches on the sidelines, senior teachers provide guidance, mentorship, and support to their fellow educators. They help them navigate challenges, sharpen their skills, and unleash their full potential – all while fostering a culture of continuous improvement.

Alignment and Coordination: With multiple projects and initiatives in play, senior teachers use Scrum to align their team’s efforts, coordinate schedules, and maximize productivity. It’s like conducting a symphony orchestra, where every teacher plays their part in perfect harmony.

Adaptability and Innovation: In today’s fast-paced educational landscape, adaptability is key, and Scrum equips senior teachers with the tools to embrace change and drive innovation. They experiment with new teaching methods, incorporate feedback loops, and stay ahead of the curve – all while inspiring their colleagues to do the same.

Celebrating Success: Last but not least, senior teachers celebrate the wins – big and small. Whether it’s a breakthrough in teaching pedagogy or a collaborative project that captivates students, they shine a spotlight on achievements and foster a culture of appreciation and camaraderie.

So there you have it – a glimpse into the magical world where Scrum meets high school, where students become agile innovators and teachers become champions of collaboration. As we continue to explore new frontiers in education, let’s remember that with Scrum, the possibilities are endless – so let’s roll up our sleeves, rally our teams, and embark on this exhilarating adventure together!

How to Handle Frustration as a Teacher

Posted on by richardjamesrogers

An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Teaching is one of the most stressful professions on Earth. From behaviour management issues, to meeting deadlines and working on projects in small teams: teaching, as a job, requires very high levels of competency, lots of patience and bucket loads of resilience. Take these recent, shocking revelations, for example:

In such a complex and dynamic environment as a school, in which in our ‘product’ is the gradual and positive development of children (i.e. the most complex beings in existence), it is only natural that we will make mistakes along the way and be involved in a wide variety of professional ‘incidents’ that may cause us some frustration.

It is at these times that we MUST remember the ‘Four S’s’:

  • Stop
  • Smile
  • Sleep
  • Send

Here’s a handy graphic to remember the process (feel free to share this with colleagues):

Let’s go through these steps one-by-one:

#1: Stop

I once witnessed a former colleague shout at a fellow language teacher in the staff room, calling him ‘unprofessional’ and saying that his actions were ‘unacceptable’. Of course, the issue causing the altercation was a trivial matter, but by her getting emotional and berating him in front of everyone she achieved nothing, and actually did a lot of harm to her reputation. Everyone was talking about that exchange afterwards, and guess who came out as the ‘good guy’ in people’s minds? – The polite language teacher who just stood there and listened and didn’t respond or get emotional, of course.

It’s so tempting to respond by reflex-action in a moment of frustration, venting our anger in an email, a verbal exchange or other action. It’s so crucial to be mindful of our emotions when we feel frustration bubbling up inside of us and remember to STOP!

#2: Smile

Numerous studies have shown that a simple smile can immediately improve our mood. Take a moment to reflect upon what you are grateful for in life. If nothing comes up, then ask yourself “What COULD I be grateful for right now?”. This act of ‘reframing’ the moment will act to alleviate any feelings of dread, anxiety or frustration – even if it’s only by a small amount.

#3: ‘Sleep on it’

If you find yourself becoming angry, anxious, enraged or frustrated by any situation at school, then pause for a while and calm down before you respond. If possible, respond to the issue the next day after a good night’s sleep – you’ll be in a better mood and will be more emotionally balanced to handle the issue rationally.

In my experience, almost every incident that causes a teacher frustration can be dealt with the next day, when we are in a better mood. If this is not the case for whatever you happen to be dealing with right now, then at least Stop and Smile, and wait a while before responding.

#4: Send

Have you been guilty of sending a quick response email out of frustration? I know I have. For one former coworker of mine, this had catastrophic consequences.

The head of our secondary school had emailed a colleague of mine in a former school I worked at to discuss some behaviour management issues that some children in his classes were having. This colleague then replied out of anger and frustration, justifying himself in every which way possible, but he inadvertently cc’d the entire secondary school in his response!

My award-winning book for high-school teachers.

He didn’t last long at that school. His reputation in the eyes of his colleagues had soured, and his position became somewhat untenable. He was let go at the end of that academic year.

Please – be the person who responds when your emotions are stable. We ALL get frustrated at times. We ALL get angry a times. We ALL panic at times. Please – Stop, Smile. Sleep THEN Send/Respond.

Extra advice for dealing with frustration at school

Speak to someone

Speak up about any issues you are having, in a positive and non-complaining way. The trick to executing this is to be ‘solution focussed’. When talking with your line manager about the issue, or whomever the other parties are, adopt the mindset of ‘This is the problem, so how can we work together to find the solution?’.

Only click ‘send’ when you are in an emotionally positive state

E-mails last forever, and once they are sent, they can be fully utilised in any litigation that may follow. Silence is always the best option at first, if possible, then only send a written response/summary of the issue after very careful consideration. In some extreme situations you may wish to speak with a lawyer before responding.

Learn new skills

If behavior management is causing frustration, then seek to learn new strategies or ask colleagues for help. Resources like this blog can be very useful for acquiring new tips, as can professional development courses. If your issue is skills-related, then you may find that a professional development course, such as my Powerful Public Speaker Certificate Course, may be of use to you.

Find a good lawyer, and build a good relationship with them, regardless of your situation

It has been my experience via the many hundreds of online coaching calls I have done with teachers over the years that extremely few educators understand their legal rights. Employers can sometimes pray on this naivety – few teachers will approach a lawyer when their employment is terminated, or when contractual changes arise, or when they are asked to sign a sudden ‘official school document’, for example. Get used to consulting with lawyers. Yes, they’re expensive, but the investment is worth it in the long run. If you are lucky enough to teach in a country where teacher unions exist, then make sure you are an active member – they will be able to offer legal advice when the need arises, too.

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5 Top Tips for Marking Work by Hand

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An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

Whether it’s high-stakes assessments, end-of-unit tests, coursework, homework or classwork, it’s inevitable that every teacher will have to mark some assignments the old-fashioned way from time-to-time – i.e. by hand.

This can be a daunting task for many of us who, in today’s EdTech age, are so used to marking things digitally (or allowing software to do the work for us!). I’ve written at length, for example, about how automated systems like MyMaths and Educake, and live-quiz apps that have ‘assignment’ options, can mark classwork, homework and other assignments within seconds and provide detailed analytics within summary reports.

Thankfully, I’ve been in the position where there’s no other option but to mark assignments by hand more than a few times in my 17 years as a high school teacher, and I’ve made every blunder possible – wasting countless hours of my life in the process!

At least I now have enough experience of doing marking the wrong way to pass on my knowledge to my readers – I guess every cloud does have a silver lining, after all!

So, get your red pen ready (or whichever color you wish to use) and let’s learn how to efficiently mark assignments by hand!

#1: Mark every script one question at a time, or one page at a time

What this means is that if you have, say, thirty exam papers to mark, then ONLY mark question 1 for each paper (or page 1). Then, when you’ve finished marking question 1 (or page 1) for each paper, ONLY mark question 2 for each paper (or page 2), and so on.

The reason this works so well to improve your marking efficiency is that:

  1. You will get quicker at marking the same question the more times you do it in succession.
  2. It becomes easier to compare one student’s answer to another, which is great for choosing model answers to showcase and to ensure fairness.

Marking our papers this way is MUCH quicker than marking, say, one whole exam paper/assignment, followed by another, then another.

#2: ALWAYS have a mark scheme available for the assignment you are marking

Never set an exam paper or assignment if it doesn’t come with a mark scheme. If you don’t have one, then create one. This ensures fairness and efficiency during the marking process.

During my early years of teaching, I would find myself quickly creating exam papers and assignments due to my poor time-management skills. I would often forget to source the mark schemes for those documents.

Have you ever tried to mark a stack of exam papers without having the model answers to hand? It’s a nightmare scenario! You’ll find yourself spending tons of time attempting to apply marking consistency across multiple answer types. This is almost impossible to do without a mark scheme.

Another behavior to avoid is quickly sourcing worksheets or assignments from the internet, without making sure there’s model answers that go along with them. This is a particularly toxic action for the busy/stressed teacher, as time is limited. It seems like a great short-term fix to quickly source those questions from a particular web link you’ve found. However, in the long term, you’ll pay for it with frustration and more wasted time since it will become very difficult to mark that work in the absence of proper marking schemes.

#3: Keep your papers organized

Don’t lose them – and that’s easier said than done! I find that it’s often best to keep all of my papers at school and do all of my marking at school, because:

  1. Papers don’t get lost in transit (e.g. if I were to take papers home to mark).
  2. It’s good for my work-life balance – schoolwork stays at school.

Consider creating a special area of your room to keep the work that you are marking by hand. Perhaps a special drawer in your teacher’s desk is appropriate, or a shelf on your classroom wall.

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#4 Utilize live marking where possible

One-to-one conversations with students offer the best possible feedback out there – because those conversations are personal and should involve some metacognition. Students will have to process information and think about their responses deeply during the live-marking process, which should always involve some type of conversation (even if it’s a short one).

If possible, walk around the class and mark work in real-time as the students are doing it, or call them to your desk one at a time for a conversation and to add some hand-written comments to their work.

I’ve written an entirely separate blog post about efficient marking strategies, which includes a detailed section on ‘live’ marking, here: The ‘Four Pillars’ of Time-Saving Marking – Richard James Rogers

#5 Do NOT give the work back to the students until the data has been inputted into your school’s tracking system

This is sounds so obvious, yet, to my embarrassment, this is a mistake I have made in the past.

This really is the epitome of stupidity because once the graded work has been given back to the students, you’re going to have quite a job on your hands to get it all back again so that you can input the assessment data.

Mark it, input the data, then give it back to the students. If that means that the students have to wait a little longer to get their work back, then so be it. Due diligence is more important than quick turnaround.

Summary

I really hope this blog post was helpful. Life is precious, and short, and too valuable to be marking work inefficiently in my opinion.

Speed up your marking time by….

  • Marking one question at a time, or one page at a time
  • Sourcing mark schemes for EVERY piece of work that is to be marked by hand
  • Demonstrating good housekeeping by organizing your papers – don’t lose any!
  • Marking work in real-time, if possible
  • Input the assessment data into your school’s system before giving the work back to the students

In addition to the above points, I would also advise teachers to seek help from colleagues when you are unsure about how many marks to award for a student’s answer. You may find that a fresh perspective will confirm, or refute, your initial thinking on the matter. Also, get efficient with free periods/non-contact time, too. If you plan what you will mark in those ‘frees’ carefully, you’ll find that minimal weekend and evening time is taken up with marking (which is what the status quo should be).

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Introducing The P.O.W.E.R. Method of Retrieval Practice

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An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

Unless you’ve been hiding in a cave for the past five years, it’s highly likely that you have heard the phrase ‘retrieval practice’ being bandied about multiple times at educational seminars, Professional Development workshops and even in the departmental meetings you’ve attended at school. It’s one of those areas of pedagogy that has gotten educators excited due it’s evidence-based effectiveness, as well it’s inclusion, affirmation and promotion of metacognitive strategies (another hot topic in education).

It is my observation, however, that the majority of teachers are not 100% clear about what retrieval practice actually is – in part because some of the professional literature on the issue is conflicting, and also because as a concept it complexifies something rather simple (something that teachers have being doing for decades): getting students to reflect upon and use what they know.

In today’s blog post, I aim to provide my readers with the following:

  • A simple, understandable description of what retrieval practice is
  • A handy acronym (P.O.W.E.R.) that we can all use to remember the stages we need to follow as teachers when carrying out retrieval practice with our students
  • Some ideas on techniques and activities we can use in the classroom to facilitate good retrieval practice

Think ‘expression’ as opposed to ‘ingestion‘

I was most impressed with this great video by Unleash Learning which described retrieval practice as focusing on getting information out of students’ heads, rather than into students’ heads. This implies that retrieval practice only works if information has been put into the students’ heads in the first place – and this is true – retrieval practice is used as a follow-up when students have already been taught the information they need to know.

Retrieval practice is used as a follow-up at some point after a topic/unit has been taught.

Students should be encouraged to articulate what they have learned in some way, and then use what they have learned in some way (e.g., to answer an exam-style question). Retrieval practice places heavy emphasis on learning rather than assessing, although low-stakes assessments can be used as part of the retrieval process (see this blog post of mine on assessment ‘for’, ‘of’ and ‘as’ learning for more info on that!).

Give your students the P.O.W.E.R. they need to succeed!

So, let’s look at an easy-to-remember step-by-step process for facilitating retrieval practice in the classroom – the P.O.W.E.R. technique.

Prime (P): Prime the Mind

Start by priming the mind. Review essential concepts, key points, or summaries to prepare your students for the learning experience ahead. A great activity for this is Mind Map Mayhem: Encourage students to create colourful mind maps summarizing key concepts from the previous lesson. They can use doodles, arrows, and even emojis to make it visually appealing. This primes their minds for what’s to come!

At this stage, summaries do not need to be organized – they can be scattered and random, and do not necessarily need to be handwritten – a group discussion, quick verbal presentation to the class or even a bulleted list will suffice.

Organize (O): Organize Thoughts Actively

Encourage active organization of thoughts. Have your students organize information in their own words, creating meaningful connections and enhancing comprehension through an engaged approach. There are many tools that can be used for this, but my favorites are:

  • Mnemonics
  • Acronyms
  • Infographics
  • Graphic organizers
  • Google Slides, Docs, Sheets and Sites
  • Flow charts
  • Audio notes

It’s quite important at this stage that information follows the required pattern in which it needs to be retrieved in the final exams – e.g. the stages of cell division (in order), a timeline of King Henry VIII’s reign (in order), the points to raise in a written response to a language question (in order), etc.

Wrestle (W): Wrestle with Challenges

Yes! – we finally have a teaching acronym with ‘Wrestle’ in it (cue the giggles in teacher workshops all across the world from this point onwards). If nothing else, this wise choice of a word will help us all to remember that in this stage the students should tackle thought-provoking questions that demand active recall.

This step engages the mind in a mental wrestling match, strengthening memory and reinforcing the learning process.

The questions do not necessarily need to be provided in a mini-test or handout format (although you can go with that too), live quiz apps, verbal questioning, exam-style questions, past-papers, flash cards, quick writing exercises, worksheets and learning journals can all be used as tools to facilitate this process. At this stage, the questions should be low stakes, so that making mistakes is encouraged.

Evaluate (E): Evaluate Understanding

Promote self-evaluation to gauge understanding. Guide your students to reflect on their comprehension, identifying areas of strength and pinpointing topics that may require additional attention.

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A great technique that teachers have been using for decades for this is Traffic Lights. Provide students with red, yellow, and green cards. Ask them to hold up the corresponding card to indicate their understanding. Red for unclear, yellow for partial, and green for solid comprehension. It’s a quick and visual way to evaluate understanding.

Again, live quiz apps can be used for student self-evaluation, as well as self-reflection rubrics. Metacognitive tools, such as self-regulation checklists, are also great for this.

In my current practice, I like creating Google Sheets in which students can type in their reflections as they do them – essentially creating a long-term digital journal/record of their progress. The sheets are very simple – usually asking which questions the students got wrong, why they got them wrong, and what they should do next to improve further. When created on a Google Classroom assignment, one sheet is enough, as a copy will be made for each student if you select the correct option from the drop-down menu.

Reinforce (R): Reinforce Through Practice

Transition to reinforcement through practice. Engage your students in hands-on activities, be it additional past-paper questions, problem-solving scenarios, experiments, or real-world applications. This step solidifies knowledge and encourages practical application.

Practice makes perfect!

One activity you might want to try (if you’re looking for something unusual) is Escape Room Extravaganza. Create a virtual or physical escape room with challenges related to the lesson. Students work in teams to solve problems, unlock clues, and apply their knowledge. A QR-code treasure hunt may work well for this, for example. It’s a fantastic way to reinforce learning through collaboration and critical thinking.

Conclusion

Retrieval practice is essentially a way to build long-term memory of concepts, skills, ideas, key vocabulary, techniques and knowledge. At some point after a topic or unit has been taught to your class, use the P.O.W.E.R. strategy to get your students retrieving that prior knowledge – you’ll soon find that concepts will be generally better understood, performance in future assessments will increase and students will feel more confident articulating, processing and recalling the material they have covered.

Recommended further reading

Head over to retrievalpractice.org where you will find lots of free, downloadable pdfs containing tons of advice on how to implement retrieval practice in your lessons.

We welcome you to join the Richard James Rogers online community. Check out our official Facebook Page, Instagram and Podcast for regular updates.

How to Maintain High Energy Levels as a Teacher

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An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

In the classroom, we are expected to be entertainers, facilitators and imparters of knowledge. This requires high amounts of energy on our part, every single day. Maintaining energy levels is no easy task for a teacher – it involves dealing with challenges outside of school, along with facing the obstacles that present themselves to us inside the classroom. Being a high-energy teacher requires a whole-life overhaul, and in this blog post I’ll tell you exactly how to make it happen!

Deal with what’s outside the classroom first

I think I owe it to my readers to be as brutally honest as possible – you deserve to know the truth. And the truth about what makes a teacher have high enough energy to cope with a day of teaching is often not presented in teacher-training courses, books or even through the official social media accounts of top influencers in this space.

The top voices in this space will often not discuss the personal stuff outside of school that affects teachers’ energy levels.

The truth is that if you have dilemmas going on outside of school, then that is going to cause you to bring your worries, anxieties, stress and negative thoughts into the classroom. Whilst so many teachers are covering up their personal woes with a cheerful face and the facade of fake enthusiasm, that act can only go on for so long before burnout happens. We MUST deal with our external issues first, and they typically include:

  1. Money: credit card debt, poor finances, the cost-of-living crisis and a general feeling of living ‘paycheck to paycheck’ can be one of the biggest energy drainers out there. Everyone’s financial situation is different, but we all share one common challenge – we must deal with our money issues, and we all CAN deal with our money issues. Newsflash – your school is not going to bail you out of this, and throwing more money at a problem (especially in the form of loans) is only a way of temporarily holding back the waters of catastrophe before the damn bursts! Seek help. Learn money management. Cut down on luxuries. Keep track of what you’re spending. We should all aim to have at least ONE YEAR’S salary in the bank – imagine how energized you would feel in that situation! A good book I recommend for starting on this journey is The Richest Man in Babylon by George Clason.
  2. Relationships – toxic people lead to toxic emotions. Toxic emotions lead to poor teaching. It really is that simple, unfortunately. Where possible, avoid people who deflate you, and surround yourself with people who uplift you. A good place to start if you’re navigating a challenging relationship is this great article by HelpGuide.org.
  3. Health – the inevitable burden of ageing is that it becomes more difficult to maintain a healthy body and mind as we get older- yet the state of your physiology is a CRUCIAL factor in determining your energy levels for the day. Monitor the food you eat – what energizes you? What tires you? These days I unfortunately have to skip lunch – lunch makes me drowsy in the afternoon, and skipping lunch also acts as good way to help me maintain a healthy weight. Only you know your own personal health issues, and only you are responsible for your body. In short – take care of yourself. Seek medical advice and help if you’re unsure about any health issue you are noticing within yourself. SLEEP PROPERLY – the best preparation for a day of a teaching will always be a good night’s sleep.
  4. Logistics: Are you travelling for an hour every day in dense traffic to get to school? That’s going to affect your mood. Are you waking up, ironing your clothes that morning and rushing out of the house, only to arrive at school in the nick of time? Maybe you need to set up a morning ritual that lets you get everything done. Look at all of the ‘systems’ you’ve got going on in life and see if you can streamline things.
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Then….deal with what’s happening at school

When life outside of school is good, and you have a significant financial cushion should things go wrong, that’s going to be the best energizer you can have. Beyond that, however, there are things inside school that we can control to some extent:

  1. Plan every lesson really well: Time invested in planning ALWAYS pays dividends in terms of your energy and enthusiasm when teaching. Read more, here.
  2. Learn strategies for managing student behavior, if that’s an issue. This blog post is a great place to start.
  3. Stressed out due to marking load, lesson issues, conflicts with your boss or other things? Deal with it all professionally. This blog post outlines some strategies.
  4. Ask for help from your colleagues – they are often the best experts on whatever issue you are facing. Learn how to do this, here.
  5. Consider utilizing more live marking, peer-assessment, self-assessment and automated assessment strategies. You find that this drastically reduces your marking load, which will naturally lead to a boost in energy levels.
Don’t be afraid to seek help from your colleagues.

Conclusion

Teaching is such a people-centered profession that our entire holistic state – mental, emotional, physical and personal – all feed into our energy levels. Most teacher-training providers do not discuss the personal stuff – i.e. what’s going on in your life outside of school. However, this ‘domain’ of existence must be expertly managed if you want to be a highly energetic teacher. Deal with what’s going on at home first, then focus more on what’s going on at school. You’ll be amazed at the transformation that ensues!

What Is Design Thinking, and How Can It Be Used in Classroom Teaching?

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An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, traditional teaching methods are being reshaped by innovative approaches that prioritize creativity, problem-solving, and collaboration. One such methodology gaining traction is Design Thinking. Originally conceived in the realm of product design, Design Thinking has found its way into education, offering a dynamic framework for educators to foster critical thinking and innovation among students. In this blog post, we will explore what Design Thinking is and how it can be effectively applied in classroom teaching.

What is Design Thinking?

Design Thinking is a human-centered problem-solving approach that places empathy for the end-user at the core of the creative process. Coined by David Kelley and Tim Brown of IDEO, this methodology has since transcended its origins in design and has been embraced across various fields, including education. The key stages of Design Thinking typically involve empathizing, defining the problem, ideating, prototyping, and testing.

How can Design Thinking be used in classroom teaching?

Here’s a handy acronym to help remember the stages of Design Thinking:

E.D.I.P.T.

  • Empathize
  • Define
  • Ideate
  • Prototype
  • Test

Let’s go through each stage one-by-one:

Empathize

Design Thinking encourages educators to understand their students on a deeper level by empathizing with their needs, challenges, and perspectives. By gaining insights into students’ lives, educators can tailor their teaching methods to address individual learning styles and needs.

Define

The second stage of Design Thinking involves clearly defining the problem at hand. In a classroom setting, this translates to identifying the learning objectives and challenges faced by students. This step sets the foundation for targeted and effective teaching strategies.

Ideate

Design Thinking encourages a culture of brainstorming and creative thinking. In the classroom, this means fostering an environment where students feel free to express their ideas without fear of judgment. Educators can facilitate brainstorming sessions to generate diverse solutions to educational challenges.

Prototype

Just as designers create prototypes to test their ideas, students can develop prototypes of their learning solutions. This might involve creating projects, presentations, or interactive activities that demonstrate their understanding of a concept. Prototyping allows for hands-on learning and experimentation.

Testing

Design Thinking emphasizes an iterative process. In education, this means encouraging students to gracefully receive feedback on their work, reflect on their learning experiences, and make improvements. The iterative cycle fosters a growth mindset and resilience in the face of challenges.

A real classroom example of E.D.I.P.T.

Let’s see how E.D.I.PT. can be used in the planning and execution of a real high-school lesson.

Subject: High School Biology

Lesson Title: “Adapting to a Changing Environment: A Design Thinking Exploration”

Objective: Students will use the Design Thinking process (E.D.I.P.T.) to propose and prototype innovative solutions for an organism’s adaptation to a changing environment.

1. Empathize (E):

Activity: Begin the lesson with a short video or reading about a species facing environmental challenges (e.g., climate change, habitat loss). Engage students in a discussion about the impact on the species, their ecosystem, and the challenges they might face.

Outcome: Students develop empathy for the organisms and understand the need for adaptations in response to environmental changes.

2. Define (D):

Activity: Guide students in identifying specific challenges faced by the chosen species due to the changing environment. Encourage them to narrow down their focus to one key problem that they want to address.

Outcome: Students articulate a clear definition of the problem, such as the impact of temperature changes on the species’ reproduction or food sources.

3. Ideate (I):

Activity: Conduct a brainstorming session where students generate various ideas for how the species could adapt to the identified challenge. Encourage creative thinking and diverse solutions.

Outcome: Students compile a list of potential adaptations, considering biological, behavioral, or physiological changes the species might undergo.

4. Prototype (P):

Activity: In small groups, students choose one of the adaptation ideas and create a prototype or model showcasing how the species might implement this adaptation. This could include drawings, diagrams, or even physical representations.

Outcome: Each group produces a prototype that visually represents their chosen adaptation solution.

5. Test (T):

Activity: Groups present their prototypes to the class, explaining the rationale behind their chosen adaptations. Facilitate a class discussion where students provide constructive feedback and ask questions.

Outcome: Students refine their prototypes based on feedback, considering the practicality and effectiveness of their proposed adaptations.

Can you think of a suitable topic that would lend itself well to an E.D.I.P.T. lesson in your subject area?

Conclusion

Design Thinking in classroom teaching is a powerful tool for cultivating a generation of creative, adaptable, and empathetic individuals. By integrating this methodology, we can transform traditional classrooms into dynamic spaces where students are not just recipients of knowledge but active participants in their own learning journey. Embracing Design Thinking in education is not just about preparing students for the future; it’s about empowering them to shape it!

Recommended further reading

  • Lee, D. (2018). Design thinking in the classroom: easy-to-use teaching tools to foster creativity, encourage innovation and unleash potential in every student. Berkeley, California: Ulysses Press.
  • Jakes, D. (2022). The Design Thinking Classroom.
  • D.M. Arvind Mallik (2019). Design Thinking for Educators. Notion Press.

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Navigating Assessment: A Teacher’s Guide to AFL, AOL, and AAL

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An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

As we embark on our (hopefully) fulfilling journey of shaping young minds and fostering a love for learning, it’s crucial to navigate the realm of assessments with a clear understanding of the three fundamental pillars: Assessment for Learning (AFL), Assessment of Learning (AOL), and Assessment as Learning (AAL). These three components not only guide our teaching practices but also play a pivotal role in student growth and achievement.

Assessment for Learning (AFL)

Imagine a classroom as a dynamic ecosystem where both teachers and students are co-creators of knowledge. That’s the essence of Assessment for Learning (AFL). In this approach, assessments are viewed as tools for understanding where students are in their learning journey, identifying misconceptions, and tailoring instruction accordingly.

AFL is about ongoing, formative assessments that provide real-time feedback to both teachers and students. It’s not just about grades; it’s about fostering a growth mindset and creating a supportive environment where mistakes are viewed as stepping stones to success. Through quizzes, discussions, and other formative assessments, AFL helps us make timely instructional adjustments, ensuring that no student is left behind.

Some effective examples of AFL activities include:

  • Formative Quizzes: Create short quizzes or assessments that students can take during or after a lesson to gauge their understanding of key concepts. Use the results to identify areas that may need further clarification or reinforcement.
  • Peer Feedback Sessions: Organize peer review sessions where students provide feedback on each other’s work. This not only helps in assessing the quality of their work but also encourages collaboration and the development of critical evaluation skills.
  • Think-Pair-Share: Pose a question or present a scenario, and have students think about it individually first. Then, they pair up with a classmate to discuss their thoughts before sharing with the larger group. This encourages individual reflection and collaborative learning.
  • Exit Tickets: Use exit tickets as a quick assessment tool at the end of a lesson. Ask students to answer a few questions or solve a problem related to the day’s lesson. This provides immediate feedback on their comprehension and helps in adjusting future instruction based on identified needs.
  • Concept Mapping: Have students create concept maps to visually represent the relationships between different ideas or topics. This not only assesses their understanding of the material but also helps them organize and connect information in a meaningful way.

Assessment of Learning (AOL)

Assessment of Learning (AOL), often referred to as summative assessment, is what most of us are familiar with – the end-of-unit tests, final projects, or standardized exams. AOL is like taking a snapshot of what students have learned over a specific period. While AFL informs our day-to-day teaching, AOL provides a comprehensive overview of student achievement and allows for accountability at a broader level.

As teachers, AOL helps us evaluate the effectiveness of our instructional strategies and curriculum. It provides valuable insights into the strengths and areas that may need improvement. While it’s essential for reporting and grading purposes, AOL is most impactful when combined with AFL, creating a holistic approach to assessment.

Examples of AOL activities include:

  • Traditional Exams: Standardized written assessments that test a student’s knowledge and understanding of the material. This can include multiple-choice questions, short answers, essays, or a combination of these formats.
  • Project-Based Assignments: Tasks that require students to apply what they have learned in a creative or practical way. This could involve research projects, presentations, or hands-on activities that demonstrate their understanding of the subject matter.
  • Peer Assessment: Involving students in evaluating the work of their peers. This can be done through group projects, presentations, or other collaborative activities where students provide constructive feedback on each other’s performance.
  • Case Studies: Real-world scenarios or problems presented to students, requiring them to analyze, synthesize information, and apply their knowledge to propose solutions. Case studies encourage critical thinking and the application of theoretical concepts to practical situations.
  • Performance-Based Assessments: Tasks that assess a student’s ability to apply their knowledge and skills in real-world situations. This could include simulations, role-playing exercises, or any activity that requires students to demonstrate their competencies in a practical context. Performance-based assessments provide a more hands-on approach to evaluating learning outcomes.

Assessment As Learning

Now, let’s delve into the transformative power of Assessment as Learning (AAL). This approach is all about empowering students to take an active role in their own learning process. AAL encourages self-reflection, goal-setting, and metacognition, turning assessment into a journey of personal growth.

In an AAL environment, students become partners in the assessment process. They learn to monitor their progress, set learning goals, and reflect on their strengths and areas for improvement. By engaging in regular self-assessment, students develop a deeper understanding of their preferred learning modalities and strategies and become lifelong learners who take ownership of their education.

Some great examples of AAL activities include:

  • Self-Reflection Journals: Students regularly write reflections on their learning experiences, identifying strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement. This encourages metacognition and self-awareness. In my personal opinion, journaling really holds the key to transforming secondary education and should be much more widely practiced than it is presently. I have written an entire blog post outlining how to implement journaling in your subject area, here.
  • Learning Logs or Blogs: A continuous record where students document their learning journey, including challenges faced, new insights gained, and connections made with prior knowledge. This ongoing process helps them track their progress. Sometimes these are called ‘e-portfolios’, and Google Sites lends itself very well to this process.
  • Graphic Organisers: Students create visual representations of their understanding of a topic by connecting concepts and relationships. This not only reinforces learning but also allows them to see how different pieces of information fit together. An even better way to do concept mapping is to upgrade to Mind Mapping (a distinct process created by the late Dr Tony Buzan, with whom I was very lucky to enjoy a video call with several years ago). I’ve written an entire blog post about ways to organise information, which includes Mind Mapping, here.
  • Peer Teaching or Tutoring: Students take turns teaching a concept or skill to their peers. This not only reinforces their own understanding but also provides an opportunity to receive feedback and correct misconceptions. From an AAL perspective, this works best when both the ‘deliverer’ and the ‘receiver’ have already grasped the fundamentals of the topic being taught.
  • Goal Setting and Monitoring: Students set personal learning goals, breaking them down into smaller, achievable targets. They regularly assess their progress toward these goals, adjusting strategies if needed. This encourages a sense of ownership and motivation in their learning journey. Again, I believe this is best facilitated by the journaling process.

Striking a balance

While each of these assessment approaches has its unique role, the magic happens when we strike a balance between them. AFL guides our daily interactions with students, AOL provides a snapshot of their overall achievement, and AAL empowers them to become active participants in their learning journey.

So, fellow teachers, let’s embrace the ABCs of assessment with open arms. Let’s use Assessment for Learning to inform our teaching, Assessment of Learning to measure overall achievement, and Assessment as Learning to empower our students. Together, we can create classrooms where learning is a collaborative adventure, and assessment is a compass guiding us toward success.

Happy teaching!

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5 Mistakes Teachers Are Making With Slide Presentations

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An article by Richard James Rogers (Award-Winning Author of The Quick Guide to Classroom Management and The Power of Praise: Empowering Students Through Positive Feedback). This blog post has been beautifully illustrated by Pop Sutthiya Lertyongphati.

Accompanying podcast episode:

Slides are a staple of effective teaching, corporate presentations and workshops. They’re so ubiquitous, in fact, that many of us don’t realize just how much of a legendary, legacy technology they are. I was surprised to learn during my research for this blog post, for example, that MS PowerPoint was released way back in 1987! PowerPoint and other slide-based information delivery systems have stood the test of time because they are, essentially, extremely effective content presentation tools.

Slides are here to stay – that’s undeniable, so let’s discover the common mistakes teachers are making when utilizing them (note to reader – I have made ALL of the mistakes I’m about to mention at some point or another in my career, so I’m a real expert on this topic!).

#1: Putting too much text on each slide

The content needs to be readable, and not overwhelming. When we fill our slides with text, we tend to not only make our sentences too small for learners at the back of the class to read, but we also present too much information at once.

Whilst we often have a lot of stuff to get through in a lesson (especially if you are teaching exam-level students), consider spreading the information out over more slides. 3 sentences per slide on 3 slides, for example, is better than 9 sentences all crammed together on one slide.

#2: Making students copy from slides

Here are the problems this causes:

  • Children have different writing speeds, and you’ll always find that the majority of the class are sat around waiting for the slow students to finish copying.
  • It dramatically slows down the pace of your lessons, making it difficult to keep to a curriculum map schedule (if done repeatedly).
  • Copying notes from slides is one of the most ineffective ways to learn new content. According to Make It Stick (a book I highly recommend) when no effort is required in the learning process, learning doesn’t last very long. The book’s authors cited one study where students were allowed to copy notes word-for-word on some material but were made to rephrase other material in their own words. When tested afterwards, students did a much better job of recalling the material they had to put into their own words.

So, how do we solve this problem, especially when we have so much content to get through?:

  • Consider providing printouts of slides with blank spaces for the children to fill in along the way. I remember one of my Biochemistry lecturers doing this at Bangor University when I was an undergrad there and I loved it – not least because I was getting accurate notes to take home, but also because I had to focus on the lesson in order to fill in the blanks correctly. Whilst this is perhaps not the most effective way to learn content out of all the methods available, it does solve the problem of pace (i.e., you won’t go too slow using this method).
  • Consider differentiating texts by using the methods outlined in this blog post, in order to make large paragraphs more digestible for your learners.

#3: Not making slides interactive

Include some exam-style questions along the way during your slide presentation to break up the lesson a bit. Consider word-matching activities, fill-in-the-blanks, or even just questions with allotted time for the students to answer. Perhaps you could embed a link to a live-quiz app (such as Blooket, Quizlet Live or Kahoot!) into your slides to get your students competing in a healthy way.

#4: Not sharing the slides with the students

It’s so important to make the slides available to your students once the lesson is over, and for some classes it may even be appropriate to share them before the lesson begins.

VLE and LMS platforms, such as Google Classroom, Moodle, Firefly and others are perfect for this.

With pre-university students, such as IBDP or ‘A’ – Level learners, I often find that it’s helpful to share the slides ahead of time, as the students can then read ahead before the lesson begins.

Whichever method you choose, just make sure the materials are available to your students. That way you cannot be criticized for not providing the resources that your students need to revise for their tests and assessments.

#5: Reading the slides to the class

This is an absolute no-no for teachers and is an obvious behavior to avoid to those who are more experienced in the profession. For new and trainee teachers, however, it can be a challenge to present slides without reading from them.

Teachers tend to read from slides for two main reasons:

  • Lack of subject knowledge/lack of reading ahead
  • Nervousness

Consider the following solutions:

  • Freeze your slide and move to the next slide on your computer. Quickly glance at, and read, the slide on your computer screen before presenting it to your class. This will help you to re-phrase the content into your own words.
  • Print out a copy of the slides for yourself and have it in your hand during the presentation. Again, this will allow you to read-ahead in ‘real-time’.
  • This sounds obvious but READ AHEAD. Never present a slideshow without reading over it first (avoid sourcing a slideshow from a third party on the internet immediately before a lesson begins).
  • Practice pronouncing key vocabulary and technical language before the lesson begins.
My Award-Winning book for high-school teachers.

Other mistakes teachers are making with slide presentations

  • Getting the visuals wrong – include nice pictures, charts and graphics where possible, and make them big enough for the class to read. If you’re stuck for time, then SlidesGPT can use AI to make a visually appealing slide presentation for you with just a few prompts (FYI – always CHECK the slides once generated). In addition to this, MS PowerPoint now comes with visual suggestions and can make slides visually appealing by using its AI Copilot feature.
  • Not annotating slides – if you have the technology (e.g., a smartboard), then annotate your slides as you present them. Circle key words, underline key phrases, add extra information and even re-phrase things. This will serve to make the content clearer for your students.
  • Conflicting colors – Are your slides readable? Always check the color balance before you present (red text on a black background, for example, is notoriously difficult to read!)
  • Unclear fonts – avoid Brushscript! Calibri, Comic Sans and Arial tend to work really well for presentations.

Shameless plug – check out my Powerful Public Speaker Certificate Course

If you are interested in some excellent Professional Development for you or your team, which focuses on making your slide presentations as perfect as possible, then check out my Powerful Public Speaker Certificate Course. This can be delivered online or on-site. Feel free to e-mail me at info@richardjamesrogers.com if you’d like to book me for this training.

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